CHEMICAL BONDING NOTES Turn to page 1 of your CHEMICAL BONDING PACKET

Atoms & Chemical Bonding Created in 2008 by Tim F. Rowbotham, Modified in 2011

NOTES

Valence Electrons Electrons in the outermost energy level are known as valence electrons. Valence electrons are important because they are the only ones involved in chemical bonding.

Valence Electrons Valence electrons can be gained, lost, or shared by atoms during chemical bonding. This desire for a certain amount of valence electrons is what causes chemical reactions.

REMEMBER VALENCE ELECTRONS ARE ONLY THOSE IN THE OUTER ENERGY LEVEL How many valence electrons in this atom? REMEMBER VALENCE ELECTRONS ARE ONLY THOSE IN THE OUTER ENERGY LEVEL

How many valence electrons in this atom? 1 2 4 6

How many valence electrons in this atom? 9 7 3 2

How many valence electrons in this atom? 1 2 4 88

How many valence electrons in this atom? 1 2 4 88

Return your remote Turn in your COMPLETED TEST ANALYSIS Created in 2008 by Tim F. Rowbotham, Modified in 2011

Atoms & Chemical Bonding Created in 2008 by Tim F. Rowbotham, Modified in 2011

A.) You will be given a number of element cards. In groups of 2, arrange the cards into some sense of order according to their properties

What do you think was the best way to organize the cards? Element Cards B.) Write down on paper, several ways your group was able to organize the cards based on their properties (QUESTIONS 1-3) What do you think was the best way to organize the cards?

C. ) Organize your cards according to the periodic table Element Cards C. ) Organize your cards according to the periodic table Answer questions 4-7

Element Cards D.) Return your cards to the plastic bag E.) Return the plastic bag F.) Turn to page 1 of your Chemical Bonding Packet

Review Questions Ready your remote Created in 2008 by Tim F. Rowbotham, Modified in 2011

How many valence electrons in this atom? 1 2 4 6

How many valence electrons in this atom? 1 2 4 12

How many valence electrons in this atom? 1 2 4 20

How many valence electrons in this atom? 1 2 4 38

CHEMICAL BONDING NOTES Turn to page 1 of your CHEMICAL BONDING PACKET LEARNING TARGET: I can predict patterns based on atomic properties of elements

Rows on the Periodic Table Rows across the periodic table are known as periods. Elements in the same row have the same number of energy levels. This outer energy level is often referred to as the valence energy level or the valence shell.

Families on the Periodic Table Elements in the same column of the periodic table are known as groups or families. Elements in the same family have the same number of valence electrons.

Families & Properties Since elements in the same family have the same number of valence electrons, they behave very similarly in a chemical reaction. Therefore, atoms in the same family have very similar properties!!!

Return your remote Complete p. 6-7 of your packet Created in 2008 by Tim F. Rowbotham, Modified in 2011

Quick Review Look back to your notes on Page 1 & 2

Rows on the Periodic Table Rows across the periodic table are known as periods. Elements in the same row have the same number of energy levels. This outer energy level is often referred to as the valence energy level or the valence shell.

Families on the Periodic Table Elements in the same column of the periodic table are known as groups or families. Elements in the same family have the same number of valence electrons.

Families & Properties Since elements in the same family have the same number of valence electrons, they behave very similarly in a chemical reaction. Therefore, atoms in the same family have very similar properties!!!

Columns on the periodic table are called Periods Groups Compounds Bonding Reagents

What is true of elements in the same column of the periodic table? Same first letter Similar properties Same number of protons as neutrons Discovered in the same year

Rows on the periodic table are called Groups Compounds Periods Bonding reagents

How many valence electrons does bromine have(A# = 35) ? 8 7 6 4

Using the Periodic Table How to Determine the Number of Valence Electrons

How many valence electrons does phosphorus have(A# = 15) ? 8 7 6 5

What is the valence energy level of strontium (A# = 38) ? 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

What is the valence shell of Mercury (A# = 80) ? 3rd 4th 5th 6th

What is the valence shell of calcium (A# = 20) ? 2nd 3rd 4th

How many valence electrons does calcium have(A# = 20) ? 1 2 3 4

Atoms & Chemical Bonding Created in 2008 by Tim F. Rowbotham, Modified in 2011

Electron Dot Diagrams Since only the valence electrons are involved in chemical bonding, chemists have a quicker, easier way to represent atoms when showing bonding called an electron dot diagram.

Electron Dot Diagrams An electron dot diagram is simply the chemical symbol of an element with 1 dot for every valence electron it has. This is also referred to as a Lewis dot structure.

Sample Dot Diagrams

JOURNAL # 1 Create electron dot diagrams for… Aluminum (A#13) Phosphorus (A#15) Bromine (A#35) Rubidium (A#37) Krypton (A#36) Strontium (A#38) Iron (A#26)

Learning Checks Ready your Remotes

Rows on the periodic table are called Groups Compounds Periods Bonding reagents

What is true of elements in the same column of the periodic table? Same first letter Same # valence electrons & similar properties Same number of protons as neutrons Discovered in the same year

How many valence electrons does aluminum have(A# = 13) ? 2 3 4 5

What is the valence shell of aluminum (A# = 13) ? 2nd 3rd 4th

Using the Periodic Table Return Your Remote Pick up & Complete Periodic Table WS Complete PACKET p.8 “Properties of a Missing Element”

Using the Periodic Table Valence Electrons, Lewis Dot Diagrams & Bohr Models

Get out a periodic table Entrance Questions Ready your Remotes Get out a periodic table

Columns on the periodic table are called Periods Families Compounds Bonding Reagents

What is true of elements in the same column of the periodic table? Same first letter Same number of valence electrons Same number of protons as neutrons Same number of energy levels

How many valence electrons does chlorine have(A# = 17) ? 8 7 6 17

Chlorine-37 would have how many neutrons? (A#17) 20 37

How many valence electrons does phosphorus have (A# = 15) ? 3 5 7

Classwork Assignments Return your Remotes Read Text pages 130-138 (Chapter 5.2) Complete Chap 5.2 Reading Organizer Complete pages 9–12 of Chem Bonding Pack Add to your FLipBook: Valence Electrons, Valence Shell, & Electron Dot Diagrams!!!

Get out a periodic table Entrance Questions Ready your Remotes Get out a periodic table

What type of atom is shown to the right? Chlorine-17 Oxygen-9 Oxygen-17 Fluorine-8

What is true of elements in the same column of the periodic table? Same first letter Similar properties & valence electrons Same number of protons as neutrons Discovered in the same year

How many valence electrons does magnesium have (A# = 12) ? 5 12

How many energy levels does magnesium have (A# = 12) ? 3 12

Assignments Return your Remotes Turn in Chap 5.2 Reading Organizer Read Text pages 139-145 (Chapter 5.3) Complete Chap 5.3 Reading Organizer (Answer Assessment Questions 1-10 on back) Complete pages 9–16 of Chem Bonding Packet

QUICK REVIEW How do you figure out “stuff” about atoms? 88 Sr 38

Family names (Rare earth metals)

Periodic Table Quiz QUICK REVIEW How do you figure out “stuff” about atoms? Take out a periodic table & your FlipBook Periodic Table Quiz

CHEMICAL BONDING NOTES Turn to page 2 of your CHEMICAL BONDING PACKET

Stable Atoms Chemically stable atoms have 8 valence electrons (Octet Rule) (Atoms with only 1 energy level can be stable with only 2 valence electrons)

Which of the following elements is naturally chemically stable? Oxygen Neon Lithium Carbon

Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Halogens Noble Gases Which of the following families have elements that are chemically stable? Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Halogens Noble Gases

Chemical Bonding Atoms chemically bond or react to become stable atoms. They can do this by gaining, losing, or sharing valence electrons.

Nerdy electrons? Return your remote Make sure you have an Electron Shell Diagram

Nerdy electrons? Use the nerds on the Energy Level Diagrams to represent electrons in the energy levels of the neutral atoms in the slides that follow:

Nerdy electrons? Fluorine (A#9)

Nerdy electrons? Fluorine – using the nerds to represent electrons, show the proper location of fluorine’s 9 electrons in its energy levels

Nerdy electrons? Fluorine (A#9)

Fluorine: What change would make it chemically stable? Nerdy electrons? Fluorine: What change would make it chemically stable?

Fluorine: Adding 1 more valence electron would give it a stable 8 !!! Nerdy electrons? Fluorine: Adding 1 more valence electron would give it a stable 8 !!! --

Fluorine: What effect does this have on the fluorine atom? Nerdy electrons? Fluorine: What effect does this have on the fluorine atom? --

It is now chemically stable!!! Nerdy electrons? Fluorine: NOW HAS A CHARGE OF -1 It is now chemically stable!!! --

Nerdy electrons? Sulfur (A#16)

Nerdy electrons? Sulfur – using the nerds to represent electrons, show the proper location of sulfur’s 16 electrons in its energy levels

Nerdy electrons? Sulfur (A#16)

Sulfur: What change would make it chemically stable? Nerdy electrons? Sulfur: What change would make it chemically stable?

Nerdy electrons? Sulfur: Adding 2 more valence electrons would give it a chemically stable 8 !!! -- --

Sulfur: What effect does this have on the sulfur atom? Nerdy electrons? Sulfur: What effect does this have on the sulfur atom? -- --

IT NOW HAS A CHARGE OF -2 It is now chemically stable!!! Nerdy electrons? Sulfur: IT NOW HAS A CHARGE OF -2 It is now chemically stable!!! -- --

Nerdy electrons? Sodium (A#11)

Nerdy electrons? Sodium – using the nerds to represent electrons, show the proper location of sodium’s 11 electrons in its energy levels

Nerdy electrons? Sodium (A#11)

Sodium: What change would make it chemically stable? Nerdy electrons? Sodium: What change would make it chemically stable?

Nerdy electrons? Sodium: Adding 7 more valence electrons would give it a chemically stable 8 !!! --

Sodium: But… is there an easier way? Nerdy electrons? Sodium: But… is there an easier way? --

Nerdy electrons? Sodium: Take a look again. Is there a different way to get 8 valence electrons?

Nerdy electrons? Sodium: Losing 1 electron would leave 0 in the 3rd energy level, making the 2nd energy level the valence shell… which would now have a chemically stable 8!!!

It is chemically stable. Nerdy electrons? Sodium: NOW HAS A CHARGE OF +1!!! It is chemically stable.

Nerdy electrons? Other examples:

Nerdy electrons? Magnesium (Construct if you have pink nerds) Oxygen (Construct if you have purple nerds)

Nerdy electrons? So… where do atoms pick up extra electrons?

Nerdy electrons? -- --

Nerdy electrons? From other atoms that want to lose them!!!

STABLE ATOMS Go ahead & eat your Nerds Complete Reading Organizers Finish Packet pages 6-16

Entrance Questions Ready your Remotes

Oxygen-17 would have how many neutrons? (A#8) 9 8

Which of the following elements has 6 valence electrons? Oxygen (A# 8) Neon (A# 10) Lithium (A# 3) Carbon (A# 6)

Ions When an atom gains or loses electrons to become stable, it is called an ion. An ion is a charged atom. 

Positive Ions Atoms that lose electrons become positively charged. These positive ions are called cations.

Negative Ions Atoms that gain electrons become negatively charged. Negative ions are called anions.

Ionic Bonding Atoms looking to be stable may transfer electrons to other atoms. Each atom becomes charged, and positive ions are then attracted to negative ions.

Ionic Compounds The attraction of positive ions to negative ions is called an ionic bond. Atoms that bond this way are called ionic compounds.

Ionic Compounds Here’s how it happens: Ionic Bond Video Clip 1

Ionic Bonding

Learning Checks Ready your Remotes

Atoms that gain or lose electrons in order to become more chemically stable are called Isotopes Ions Radioactive Neutral

What would a chlorine atom do to become chemically stable? (A# = 17) Gain 1 electron Lose 1 electron Gain 2 electrons Lose 7 electrons

What would an iodine atom do to become chemically stable? (A# = 53) Gain 1 electron Lose 1 electron Gain 2 electrons Lose 7 electrons

Learning Checks Return your Remote Turn to Page 20 “Ionic Bonding” (WE’LL COMPLETE p.20-21 AS A CLASS) Complete PACK pages 17-18 Ionic Bonds Complete PACK p.19 “Changing an Atom”

Learning Checks Ready your Remotes

Stable atoms (mostly) have how many valence electrons? 1 4 8 20

How many valence electrons does rubidium have(A# = 37) ? 1 2 7 37

What would a rubidium atom do to become chemically stable? (A# = 37) Gain 1 electron Lose 1 electron Gain 2 electrons Lose 3 electrons

How many valence electrons does selenium have(A# = 34) ? 1 2 6 34

What would a selenium atom do to become chemically stable? (A# = 37) Gain 1 electron Lose 1 electron Gain 2 electrons Lose 3 electrons

ASSIGNMENTS Watch Atom Family Project Intro Sign up for a group (MAX 4) Each group assigned a family Each group member selects a different element to research COMPLETE READING ORGANIZERS & PACKET PAGES 6-21!!!

Family names (Rare earth metals)

Learning Checks Ready your Remotes

Stable atoms have how many valence electrons? 1 4 8 20

How many valence electrons does potassium have(A# = 19) ? 2 7 19

What would a potassium atom do to become chemically stable? (A# = 19) Gain 1 electron Lose 1 electron Gain 2 electrons Lose 3 electrons

Learning Checks Return your Remotes

Learning Checks Ready your Remotes

How many valence electrons does sulfur have(A# = 16) ? 8 7 6 4

What would a sulfur atom do to become chemically stable? (A# = 16) Gain 2 electrons Lose 2 electrons Gain 3 electrons Lose 3 electrons

Line up with all supplies by the lockers Learning Checks Return your Remotes Line up with all supplies by the lockers

Draw electron dot diagrams of Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, & Iodine JOURNAL#2 Draw electron dot diagrams of Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, & Iodine (THE HALOGENS) CHAP 4 Resources (if you need help) p.20-21 Ionic Bonding

Learning Checks Ready your Remotes

Stable atoms have how many valence electrons? 1 4 8 20

Atoms that gain or lose electrons in order to become more chemically stable are called Isotopes Ions Radioactive Neutral

Video Clip Review if necessary??? Valence electrons 2:46

Turn to page 3 of your packet Oxidation Numbers Turn to page 3 of your packet

Oxidation Number The oxidation number is essentially the bonding power of an atom. The oxidation number of an atom is the charge that it will tend to acquire when bonding.

Oxidation Number A positive oxidation number means that an atom will lose electrons when forming an ionic bond. A negative oxidation number means that it will gain electrons.

Sample Oxidation Numbers Chlorine: - 1 Sodium: +1 Calcium: +2 Sulfur: - 2 Aluminum: +3

Oxidation Numbers

Oxidation Numbers

Oxidation Numbers

Learning Checks Ready your Remote

How many valence electrons does phosphorus have(A# = 15) ? 7 6 5 4

What would a phosphorus atom do to become chemically stable? (A# = 15) Gain 2 electrons Lose 2 electrons Gain 3 electrons Lose 3 electrons

What is the oxidation number of phosphorus? (A# = 15) +1 -1 -2 -3

Learning Checks Return your Remote

Learning Checks Ready your Remote

What is the oxidation number of nitrogen? (A# = 7) +1 -1 -2 -3

Oxidation Numbers

What is the oxidation number of chlorine? (A# = 17) +1 -1 -2 -3

Oxidation Numbers

What is the oxidation number of magnesium? (A# = 12) +1 +2 -2 -1

Oxidation Numbers

Participant Scores 3 Participant 1 Participant 5 Participant 4

Return your Remote Line up by the lockers Learning Checks Return your Remote Line up by the lockers

Entrance Questions Ready your remote

How many valence electrons does an arsenic atom have? (A# = 33) 1 3 5 7

Oxidation Numbers

What is the oxidation number of arsenic? (A# = 33) +1 +2 -3 -2

Oxidation Numbers

How many energy levels does an arsenic atom have? (A# = 33) 5 2 3 4

Oxidation Numbers

Return your remote & pick up a copy of the “Showing Ionic Bonding” WS Entrance Questions Return your remote & pick up a copy of the “Showing Ionic Bonding” WS Showing Ionic Bonding Examples

Return your remote & pick up a copy of the “Showing Ionic Bonding” WS Entrance Questions Return your remote & pick up a copy of the “Showing Ionic Bonding” WS Showing Ionic Bonding Examples

Take out your copy of the “Showing Ionic Bonding” WS Entrance Questions Take out your copy of the “Showing Ionic Bonding” WS Showing Ionic Bonding Examples

What is the oxidation number of strontium? (A# = 38) +1 +2 -1 -2

Oxidation Numbers

What is the oxidation number of oxygen? +1 +2 -1 -2

Oxidation Numbers

What would be the chemical formula of strontium oxide? Sr2O SrO Sr2O2 Sr2O3

Line up by the lockers with all supplies Entrance Questions Return your remote Line up by the lockers with all supplies

Get ready to consult your periodic table!!  Learning Checks Ready your Remote Get ready to consult your periodic table!! 

Oxidation Numbers +1 -4 0 +2 +3 +4 -3 -2 -1 usually +2, but varies

What is the oxidation number of calcium (A#20)? +1 +2 -1 -2

Oxidation Numbers +1 -4 0 +2 +3 +4 -3 -2 -1 usually +2, but varies

What is the oxidation number of fluorine (A#9)? +1 +2 -1 -2

Oxidation Numbers +1 -4 0 +2 +3 +4 -3 -2 -1 usually +2, but varies

What is the oxidation number of sodium (A#11)? +1 +2 -1 -2

Oxidation Numbers +1 -4 0 +2 +3 +4 -3 -2 -1 usually +2, but varies

What is the oxidation number of phosphorus (A#15)? +1 +2 +3 - 3

Oxidation Numbers +1 -4 0 +2 +3 +4 -3 -2 -1 usually +2, but varies

What would be the chemical formula of calcium phosphide? Ca3P CaP Ca3P2 Ca2P3

Sample Video The Noble Gas Song 3:28

Line up by the lockers with all supplies Entrance Questions Return your remote HOMEWORK PACKET p.22 Line up by the lockers with all supplies

Get ready to consult your periodic table!!  Learning Checks Ready your Remote Get ready to consult your periodic table!! 

What is the oxidation number of magnesium (A#12)? +1 +2 -1 -2

Oxidation Numbers +1 -4 0 +2 +3 +4 -3 -2 -1 usually +2, but varies

What would be the chemical formula of calcium sulfide? Ca3S CaS Ca3S2 Ca2S3

Oxidation Numbers +1 -4 0 +2 +3 +4 -3 -2 -1 usually +2, but varies

What would be the chemical formula of magnesium phosphide? Mg3P MgP Mg3P2 Mg2P3

Oxidation Numbers +1 -4 0 +2 +3 +4 -3 -2 -1 usually +2, but varies

Bring all supplies to lab Complete PACKET PAGES 6-22 Entrance Questions Return your Remote Bring all supplies to lab Complete PACKET PAGES 6-22

Get ready to consult your periodic table!!  Learning Checks Ready your Remote Get ready to consult your periodic table!! 

What is the oxidation number of chlorine (A#17)? +1 +2 -1 -2

Oxidation Numbers +1 -4 0 +2 +3 +4 -3 -2 -1 usually +2, but varies

JOURNAL#3 Strontium chloride Sodium oxide Calcium fluoride Show the use of oxidation numbers or electron dot diagrams to show the chemical formulas for these ionic compounds: Strontium chloride Sodium oxide Calcium fluoride Aluminum oxide

Complete the Periodic Table Perspectives WS Learning Checks Return your Remote Complete the Periodic Table Perspectives WS Complete Atom Family Video Project

Learning Checks Ready your Remote

What makes an atom chemically stable? Having 8 valence electrons Having same number of protons as neutrons Having a Mass # less its than Atomic # Having an even Mass #

Gain or lose electrons Share electrons Gain & lose protons What do atoms involved in an ionic bond do in order to become chemically stable? Gain or lose electrons Share electrons Gain & lose protons Share energy levels

TURN TO PAGE 4 OF YOUR CHEMICAL BONDING NOTES!! Ionic Bonding (is what we’ve been studying) & Covalent Bonding (is what we learn today) SUPER BRIEF QUICK VIDEO LESSON Ionic Bonding with Ralph & Nora TURN TO PAGE 4 OF YOUR CHEMICAL BONDING NOTES!!

Covalent Bonding When atoms share electrons to become stable, it is called a covalent bond. Covalently bonded atoms are called molecules.

Sample Molecule Hydrogen Fluoride Before After  HF

Sample Molecule Ammonia Before After  NH3

Sample Molecule Oxygen (diatomic molecule) Before After  O2

What do atoms involved in a covalent bond do in order to become stable? Gain or lose electrons Share electrons Gain & lose protons Share energy levels

What do atoms involved in an ionic bond do to become chemically stable? Share electrons Gain & lose protons Share energy levels Gain or lose electrons

Chemical Bonding SUPER BRIEF QUICK VIDEO REVIEW

Read & complete packet pages23-24 “Covalent Bonds” Learning Checks Return your Remote Read & complete packet pages23-24 “Covalent Bonds” TURN in Atom Family Video Project (BRING FLASH DRIVE WITH COMPLETED VIDEO TO MY COMPUTER) Name File: Per # - Family Name Example: 1 Noble Gases

Learning Checks Ready your Remote

What do atoms involved in an ionic bond do to become chemically stable? Share electrons Gain & lose protons Share energy levels Gain or lose electrons

What do atoms involved in a covalent bond do in order to become stable? Gain or lose electrons Share electrons Gain & lose protons Share energy levels

Polyatomic Ions Polyatomic ions are covalently bonded atoms that still hold a positive or negative charge. Sometimes called radicals, these molecules act as one and can form ionic compounds.

Common Polyatomic Ions Ammonium NH4+1 Acetate C2H3O2-1 Hydroxide OH-1 Nitrate NO3-1 Carbonate CO3-2

Molecule Isotopes Polyatomic ion Transition metal What is a group of atoms called that is sharing electrons, but then will still gain or lose an electron (or more)? Molecule Isotopes Polyatomic ion Transition metal

Learning Checks Return your Remote Turn to PACKET page 25 “Bonding Basics – Covalent Bonds” WE’LL DO SOME TOGETHER When finished, complete page 27 “Showing Covalent Bonds” Make sure FlipBook is complete

Learning Checks TURN in Atom Family Video Project (BRING FLASH DRIVE WITH COMPLETED VIDEO TO MY COMPUTER) Name File: Per # - Family Name Example: 1 Noble Gases

JOURNAL#4 Describe in your own words (possibly via a diagram) the differences & similarities between covalent & ionic bonding.

Learning Checks Ready your Remote

What would a calcium atom do to become chemically stable? (A# = 20) Gain 1 electron Lose 1 electron Lose 2 electrons Gain 2 electrons

In a chemical reaction, what would an oxygen atom do? Gain 1 electron Lose 1 electron Gain 2 electrons Lose 2 electrons

Learning Checks Return your Remote Grab a bag of element cards & a “Properties of Families” Sheet & a “Making Molecules Sheet”

JOURNAL#5 Pick 3 atoms on the Periodic Table & share how and why they are similar.

Learning Checks Ready your Remote

What do atoms involved in an ionic bond do to become chemically stable? Share electrons Gain & lose protons Share energy levels Gain or lose electrons

What do atoms involved in a covalent bond do in order to become stable? Gain or lose electrons Share electrons Gain & lose protons Share energy levels

Turn to page 5 of your packet Learning Checks Turn to page 5 of your packet Get out your Properties of Families Paper

Law of Conservation of Matter The Law of Conservation of Matter states that matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. Matter can just change from one form to another.

Law of Conservation of Matter The mass of the reactants is equal to the mass of the products of a chemical reaction. The number of atoms before a chemical reaction is the same as the number after a chemical reaction.

Law of Conservation of Matter REACTANTS PRODUCTS

Law of Conservation of Matter REACTANTS PRODUCTS 4 H 4 H 2 O 2 O BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATION: 2 H2 + 1 O2  2 H2O

Law of Conservation of Matter REACTANTS PRODUCTS

Law of Conservation of Matter REACTANTS PRODUCTS TOTAL ATOMS TOTAL ATOMS 2 H 2 H 2 Cl 2 Cl BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATION: H2 + Cl2  2 HCl TOTAL MASS: 2 (1.0g) + 2 (35.5 g) = 2 (36.5 g) 73. 0 g = 73.0 g

The Law of Conservation of Matter BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATION: Na2SO4+ Ca Cl2  CaSO4+ 2 NaCl

The Law of Conservation of Matter

Law of Conservation of Matter Video 1 Homer & Conservation of Mass 2 Antoine Lavoisier's Discovery 3

30 grams 20 grams 25 grams 50 grams 30 grams of aluminum react with 20 grams of oxygen. What mass of aluminum oxide forms? 30 grams 20 grams 25 grams 50 grams

What coefficient should go in front of the H2 to properly balance this equation? 2 H2O  ? H2 + O2 1 2 3 4

Learning Checks Return your remote Complete page 29 of your Chemical Bonding Packet “Conservation of Matter”

CaCl2 + Na2S  CaS + 2 NaCl Journal # 6 Write down the following chemical equation. Share in your journal whether or not itis a balanced chemical equation. Clarify why it is or is not!! CaCl2 + Na2S  CaS + 2 NaCl

Turn to page 29 of your packet Learning Checks Turn to page 29 of your packet

Learning Checks Ready your Remote

Columns on the periodic table are called Periods Families Compounds Bonding Reagents

What is true of elements in the same column of the periodic table? Same first letter Same # valence electrons & similar properties Same number of protons as neutrons Same number of energy levels

Take out your “Properties of Families” Sheet Learning Checks Return your Remote Prepare for a video Take out your “Properties of Families” Sheet

The Periodic Table Families Some images are from www.chem4kids.com www.middleschoolscience.com 2008

Families on the Periodic Table Elements on the periodic table can be grouped into families bases on their chemical properties. Each family has a specific name to differentiate it from the other families in the periodic table. Elements in the same family all react similarly because they have the same # of valence electrons

ALKALI METALS Group 1 HYDROGEN is not a member, it is a non-metal !! Do not occur alone in nature 1 valence electron Form +1 ions DO NOT FORM COVALENT BONDS Soft and silvery metals Very reactive, esp. with water VIDEO Low densities Low melting points High thermal conductivities High electrical conductivities Ductile & malleable Image: http://www.learner.org/interactives/periodic/groups2.html

ALKALINE EARTH METALS Group 2 Do not occur alone in nature 2 electrons in valence shell Form +2 ions WILL NOT BOND COVALENTLY White and malleable Reactive, but less than Alkali metals High electrical conductivity High thermal conductivity Ductile & malleable

TRANSITION METALS The elements in the middle!! Most commonly contain 2 valence electrons Good conductors of heat and electricity. Usually harder, but more brittle Have high melting points Have high boiling points Malleable & ductile Tend to have more than one oxidation number (like +1 or +2) Can bond with many elements in a variety of shapes. Will not form covalent bonds

BORON FAMILY Group 3 3 electrons in the outer energy level Form +3 ions Do not occur alone in nature Most are metals Boron is a metalloid Usually softer (except boron) Low melting point (except boron) Will not form covalent bonds

CARBON FAMILY Group 4 Elements share the least similarities (Most dysfunctional family) Contains metals, metalloids, and a non-metal Carbon (C) 4 valence electrons Can form +4 ions & -4 ions, but most commonly form covalent bonds Relatively unreactive

NITROGEN FAMILY Group 5 5 valence electrons Most commonly form covalent bonds Can form -3 ions Can rarely form +5 ions Contains metals, metalloids, and non-metals Except for nitrogen (gas), all are solids

OXYGEN FAMILY Group 6 6 valence electrons Form -2 ions Often form covalent bonds Contains 1metal, 2 metalloids, and 3 non-metals Very Reactive If found elementally in nature, they form diatomic or polyatomic molecules (ex: O2 or O3)

Halogens Group 7 7 valence electrons Usually form +1 ions Can covalently bond All are non-metals Very reactive are often bonded with alkali metals Never found alone in nature

Noble Gases Group 8 Exist as gases Non-metals 8 valence electrons (so are stable) Helium has only 2 electrons (but is stable with 1 energy level) Not reactive with other elements

Rare Earth Metals Some are Radioactive The rare earths are silver, silvery-white, or gray metals. High electrical conductivities High thermal conductivities High densities High melting points High boiling points

So… the point is…. Using the periodic table… Atoms in the same family have similar properties!!

Learning Checks Return your remote Complete page 30-31 of your Chemical Bonding Packet “Balanced Chemical Equations”

Extra Video Clips Element Rap 3:00 The Noble Gas Song 3:28 The Noble Gas Rap 2:50

Extra Video Clips Families of the Periodic Table 14:42 Groups of Elements on the Periodic Table 7:26

Extra Video Clips Sodium & Potassium in Water 0:53 The Halogens 3:40 Meet the Nonmetal Family 3:06 The Boron Family 2:00

Extra Video Clips The Bonding Song 4:19

Bibliography Bohr Models from www.chemicalelements.com