CHAPTER 15 The Ferment of Reform and Culture, 1790–1860

Theme #1 The spectacular religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening reversed a trend toward secular rationalism in American culture, and helped to fuel a spirit of social reform. In the process, religion was increasingly “feminized,” while women in turn took the lead in movements of reform, including those designed to improve their own condition.

Second Great Awakening Thomas Paine, Deism Unitarians, Camps Meetings Peter Cartwright, Charles Grandison Finney, Lyman Beecher How did these ideas and contributions fuel the reform movement?

Joseph Smith, Brigham Young, Utah The Mormon Migration

Women’s Movement Elizabeth Cady Stanton Lucretia Mott Susan B. Anthony Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell Dorthea Dix Sarah Grimke Lucy Stone Seneca Falls Convention, Declaration of Sentiments, Contributions? Why? What is their motivation?

Theme #2 The attempt to improve Americans’ faith, morals, and character affected nearly all areas of American life and culture, including education, the family, literature, and the arts—culminating in the great crusade against slavery.

American Life and Culture American Temperance Society Neal S. Dow Temperance Movement Utopia Experiments Robert Owen and New Harmony, Indiana Oneida Community, New York Mother Ann Lee and the Shakers Why? Effect on the Society?

Public Education Reform Horace Mann, Noah Webster, McGruffy’s Readers University of Virginia, Troy Female Seminary, Mt. Holyoke Seminary, Oberlin College Why Reform? How?

Abolitionism American Anti-Slavery Society Angelina Grimke William Lloyd Garrison Theodore Weld Fredrick Douglass Why are women interested in this movement? Is this the Reform people (women) really want?

Theme #3 Intellectual and cultural development in America was less prolific than in Europe, but they did earn some international recognition and became more distinctly American, especially after the War of 1812.

After the War of 1812 - a new culture Hudson River School Gilbert Stuart, Thomas Cole, Knickerbocker Group Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, William Cullen Bryant Transcendentalism Ralph Waldo Emerson, Walt Whitman, Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller

American Historical Writing A New Literary World Emily Dickinson, Edgar Allan Poe, Louisa May Alcott, Herman Melville, William Gilmore Simms, Nathanial Hawthorne American Historical Writing George Bancroft

What impact did these writings have on American Culture What impact did these writings have on American Culture? How is culture defined or created in the absence of a unifying religion or common ethnic background?

Varying Viewpoints Review Pg 346-347 Reform: Who? What? How? And Why?