Federalists vs. Republicans John Adams and the Federalists were in power after President Washington’s term. Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic –Republicans formed an opposition party because they were upset with the Alien & Sedition Acts and a “Quasi-War” with France. What was Thomas Jefferson’s party? Which party did farmers and Southerners generally support? Why did Jefferson form an opposition party?

Election of 1800 Federalists Democratic –Republican John Adams 1st sitting president who had to seriously campaign to keep his job Charles Pinckney Picked because of success from XYZ Affair Democratic –Republican Thomas Jefferson VP who really wants to be POTUS Aaron Burr Popular politician within Democratic –Republican party

Review: Adams and Jefferson were both founding fathers and friends prior to Adams becoming President. Adams (a loose constructionist), and he infuriated Jefferson(a strict constructionist) when he passed the Alien and Sedition Acts. Jefferson believed that the Acts were a violation of the 1st amendment.

Election of 1800 This was the nation’s first real election campaign. Unlike today where candidates travel the country and ask people to vote for them, in 1800 the candidates gave their views to important people and newspapers. The election got nasty! Each side published malicious lies about the other in the newspapers.

Election of 1800 Breakdown Thomas Jefferson - 73 electoral votes Aaron Burr - 73 electoral votes John Adams - 65 electoral votes Problem: If there is a tie for 1st, who wins? Who becomes VPOTUS? It goes to the House of Representatives to pick from the top 2 candidates!

In the case of a tie…House of Representatives picks the new POTUS In the H of Reps Most of the majority political party is the Federalists: They refuse to vote for TJ They pick Burr just because they hate Thomas Jefferson The Democratic-Republican’s make up the rest They vote for Jefferson What happens? It’s a tie vote 35 straight times…

Enter Alexander Hamilton Because he hated Aaron Burr so much… He got the Federalists to not vote at all That way Jefferson could win! Becomes 3rd POTUS Aaron Burr is furious He becomes VPOTUS Because of this…. Aaron Burr and Hamilton will be lifelong enemies… Until one shoots the other.

Jefferson defeats Adams Democratic- Republicans take power 1st peaceful transition of parties

The Duel at Dawn…July 11, 1804 After continued conflict with Hamilton, Aaron Burr challenges Hamilton to the duel They are to meet in New Jersey Rules of duel: They will march off 10 paces They will turn and present arms On command, they will fire at each other

The Death of Alexander Hamilton Hamilton shoots the tree next to Burr Burr shoots Hamilton in the chest He dies the next day With his death and John Adams retirement the Federalist party ends. The Jefferson Era begins!

1st President inaugurated in DC Outlines his essential principles of a more limited government “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.”

Lets the Alien & Sedition Acts expire Cuts all internal taxes Uses tariffs and sales of Western land to reduce the National Debt

The U.S. Constitution gets a new amendment 12th amendment Added in 1803 Created 2 ballots for presidential elections: 1 for POTUS 1 for VPOTUS That way there can never be a tie again….we hope.

Issue goes to the Supreme Court Jefferson had James Madison refuse to give a commission to one of John Adams’ “midnight judges” Issue goes to the Supreme Court Establishes the concept of “Judicial Review” The Court may decide if a law is constitutional or not *Adams worked to appoint as many judges as possible before Jefferson took office. This was Adams’s attempt to make sure the Federalist controlled the courts. Jefferson asked Secretary of State Madison to withhold the papers needed to appoint these judges. One judge, William Marbury, took the issue to the Supreme Court. The court decided it did not have the jurisdiction or legal power to force Madison to deliver the papers. Marbury v. Madison set up the principle of judicial review.

Owned by France (at war with England) New Orleans controls the entire Mississippi River Haitian Revolution makes the territory less valuable to France Jefferson learned that France had a secret agreement with Spain, and that France had gained control of the Louisiana Territory. Napoleon wanted to rule Europe and North America, but when slaved successfully revolted in Santo Domingo (Haiti) he lost interest in colonies. He also needed money to continue his wars in Europe. He decided to sell the Louisiana Territory.

Jefferson is not sure if it’s Constitutional Uses his treaty-making power $15 million ( today $250 million) to double the size of the US Ratified by the Senate in 1803

Goals for the new territory Collect information about the land Learn about plants and animals Suggest sites for forts Find a Northwest Passage, or water route, across North America to Asia

Lewis & Clark hired to explore & find Northwest Passage Sacajawea brought on as guide Reach Pacific in Nov. 1805 Open the way to settlement & claim on Oregon Territory The group returned in 1806, and their findings encouraged others to want to move west.

The Jefferson Era: A Time Of Conflict Because France and Britain were at war, they kept their merchant ships at home. This allowed American merchants less competition. American ships sailed along the North African cost and were at risk for attack by pirates.

Jefferson sent the USS Philadelphia & orders a blockade of Tripoli. Barbary pirates from North Africa attack US ships & demand tributes. One of these countries was Tripoli. Jefferson sent the USS Philadelphia & orders a blockade of Tripoli. In 1804, the pirates took control of the USS Philadelphia. US Navy burned the ship so the pirates couldn’t use it. What is a tribute? Page 133 of workbook

The pirates sign a treaty which ends tributes to Tripoli. Jefferson sent the USS Constitution to blockade and assault Tripoli forts. The pirates sign a treaty which ends tributes to Tripoli. The US would continue to pay tributes to other Barbary states until 1816 What is a tribute? Page 133 of workbook

France & England’s war traps US in the middle US ships & sailors harassed by both. In 1807, Britain fired on the US ship the Chesapeake killing three sailors. Many Americans wanted to declare war, but Jefferson did not. Asks Congress for the Embargo Act.

The Embargo Act Fails Act blocks trade against both countries; but really only hurts US merchants In 1809, Congress ends the Embargo Act and replaces it with the Nonintercourse Act This new law only stopped trade with Britain and France; it also failed.

Jefferson Era Comes to and End: Election of 1808 Jefferson did not run for a third term Election of 1808 Candidates were: Republican candidate James Madison Federalist candidate Charles Pinckney

Jefferson’s hand-picked successor James Madison becomes the next President Jefferson renews friendship with friend and political rival, John Adams Both die on July 4, 1826 - the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence On July 4, 1826, at the age of 90, Adams lay on his deathbed while the country celebrated Independence Day. His last words were “Thomas Jefferson still survives”. He was mistaken: Jefferson had died five hours earlier at Monticello at the age of 82.- history.com