Ancient Greece 2000 B.C.E. – 133 B.C.E.

The Persian Wars: Overview Despite their cultural ties, the Greek city-states were often in conflict with one another. The threat of the powerful Persian empire united the Greek city-states.

The Persian Wars: Overview United, the city-states defeated the Persians and ended the threat of Persian invasions. Persian prisoners

The First Persian War 546 B.C Cause Persian Empire conquers Greek colonies in Ionia Response Ionians refuse to pay tribute and begin to rebel Secretly the Athenians send weapons & a ship to aide the rebellion

The First Persian War 546 B.C Result: Darius I of Persia crushes rebellion leaves Athens alone but… Greek vs. Persian

The Second Persian War 490 BC Cause Revenge for Athenian interference “Master, Remember the Athenians” every day a servant said that to King Darius!

The Second Persian War 490 BC Results Battle of Marathon Outnumbered Greeks defeat Persians 6,400 Persians die! Pheidippides carries message of victory home to Athens 26 miles The distance of the marathon. “Rejoice, we conquer.” Then he died.

The Second Persian War 490 BC Results build fleet of faster ships to prepare for another attack Athens asks other city-states to form an alliance (1st ever in Greek history)

Third Persian War 480 B.C. Cause Major Battles Persians want revenge Come after Athens by land and by sea Major Battles Battle of Thermopylae Led by Spartan King Leonidas 6,000 Spartans vs. 200,000 Persians Athens is burned

Third Persian War 480 B.C. Major Battles Strait of Salamis: Naval Battle Persian fleet sunk -Forced to retreat! Battle of Plataea a year later final Persia forces defeated Battle of Salamis

Third Persian War: The Outcome! Results Athens increases its status among the city-states. Athens wants a permanent alliance with the city-states but with them at the head. Sparta is upset!

The Delian League Formed Alliance headed by Pericles of Athens To defend further Persian invasion Collected dues from members Problems Forced members to remain Used $ to rebuild Athens Promoted democracies only Sparta jealous!

The Impact of the Persian Wars Athens emerged as the most powerful city-state. Athens organized the Delian League, an alliance with 150 Greek city-states and colonies in the Aegean region. Athens used the Delian League to create an Athenian empire. With Pericles as its leader, Athens enters into its Golden Age! But who was paying bill? Sparta will eventually form an opposing alliance with the neutral city-states

The Peloponnesian War: The Alliance System Fails!

The Peloponnesian War: CAUSES Many Greeks outside of Athens resented Athenian domination. Sparta formed the Peloponnesian League to rival the Delian League. Sparta and Athens rivaling for supremacy… Which life style would influence the other city-states? Which type of government?

Simulation: Diplomacy of War Divide into groups of three Read simulation instructions You have 20 minute to complete the simulation and then report to the class.

The Peloponnesian War Athens abusing funds from Delian League 27 year war ensues Enthusiasm for the war high on both sides Pericles brings all the people into the city He depends on the navy, high walls and food supplies to string out the war

"long wall" strategy of Pericles

The Peloponnesian War Sparta builds a blockade around the walls… No supplies or food from the countryside Athens surrenders! All the Greek city- states divided and chaos!

The Peloponnesian War: Effects Persia gained control of many city-states Defeated democracy in Greece Sparta would eventually fall to Persia Athen’s cultural influence continues

Alexander’s Father Charts His Course! King Phillip II of Macedon 359 B.C. held hostage in Thebes Learns Greek culture and is taught by men great philosophers of Greece

Alexander’s Father Charts His Course! Loves Greece & wants to unify it Conquered all Greece except Sparta Murdered 326. B.C Stabbed by a “friend” at his daughter’s wedding!

Alexander Continues to Dream Goal and Plan To unite east & west (Greece & Persia) into new Hellenistic culture blending the cultures he conquerors Name the cultures. Greek, Persian, Egyptian & Indian 334 B.C conquers Asia Minor 333 B.C forced Persian King Darius III to flee and marries his daughter Roxanna. The King’s mother lives with him until his death!

Alexander Continues to Dream Goal and Plan Conquers Mediterranean Sea region and Egypt Declared pharaoh Why significant? Builds capital of Alexandria and many other “Alexandria's”!

The Dream Dies… 331 B.C. Destroys Mesopotamia and declared Persian Emperor 327 B.C. attempts to conquer India Soldiers rebel from 11 years of exhaustion Alexander dies in Babylon of malaria after 13 years as king

The Empire of Alexander the Great

An Empire Divided Again! Generals split his empire in four parts: - Lysimachus Asia Minor - Ptolemy Egypt, Libya, Syria - Seleuces Mesopotamia, Iran, and Afghanistan - Antigonus Greece and Macedonia

An Empire Divided Again! Impact Greek city-states again divided and open to foreign invasion- the Romans!

The Legacy of Alexander Although Alexander’s empire did not last, he had unleashed changes that would ripple across the Mediterranean world and the Middle East for centuries, the Hellenistic Age

The Legacy of Alexander Gradually, a blending of eastern and western cultures occurred Alexander had encouraged this blending by marrying a Persian woman and adopting Persian customs.

The Legacy of Alexander Alexander’s most lasting achievement was the spread of Greek culture. Across the empire, local people assimilated, or absorbed, Greek ideas. In turn, Greek settlers adopted local customs.