Fig. 2. Effects of SFN in mouse hepatocytes and in rat models of diet-induced glucose intolerance. Effects of SFN in mouse hepatocytes and in rat models.

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Fig. 2. Effects of SFN in mouse hepatocytes and in rat models of diet-induced glucose intolerance. Effects of SFN in mouse hepatocytes and in rat models of diet-induced glucose intolerance. (A) Glucose production from primary mouse hepatocytes during 45 min. Cells were preincubated in the presence or absence of 500 μM bovine serum albumin–bound palmitate followed by 24-hour incubation with or without 3 μM SFN as indicated (n = 3). (B) Left: Fasting blood glucose in male Wistar rats before and after 15 weeks of HFD feeding with or without concomitant SFN treatment [SFN (2.5 mg/kg) three times per week; n = 9 per group]. Right: Longitudinal measurements of fasting glucose during the 15-week period. P value for the blood glucose for the SFN-treated compared to control-treated rats during the 3- to 15-week period is shown. (C) IPITT after the 15-week period for the same rats as in (B). (D to G) Insulin resistance (IR) and glucose tolerance assessed in the same animals as in (B) after an additional 5 weeks on 60% HFrD or HFD with or without concomitant SFN treatment. IPGTT (D) and IPITT (E) data from rats on 60% HFrD (n = 4 to 5 per group), and IPGTT (F) and IPITT (G) data from rats on 60% HFD (n = 4 to 5 per group). (H) OGTT data from male Wistar rats fed a low-fat control diet (ctrl diet) or a 60% HFD for 11 months before and after 14 days of treatment with SFN (5 mg/kg per day) or vehicle (n = 5 HFD ctrl, n = 6 HFD SFN, and n = 8 ctrl diet). (I) OGTT in male Wistar rats with diet-induced glucose intolerance (fed 60% HFrD for 6 months) after 10 days of treatment with or without SFN (10 mg/kg per day, ip) or metformin (300 mg/kg, po) as indicated. * denotes SFN (n = 6) versus vehicle (n = 7); # denotes metformin (n = 6) versus the corresponding vehicle (n = 8). (J) IPPTT on the same rats as in (I) after 9 to 12 days of treatment with or without SFN or metformin as indicated. One-sided t test was used for statistical analysis. * denotes SFN (n = 6) versus vehicle (n = 7); # denotes metformin (n = 6) versus the corresponding vehicle (n = 7). Data are means ± SEM. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; #P < 0.05; ##P < 0.01. Annika S. Axelsson et al., Sci Transl Med 2017;9:eaah4477 Published by AAAS