Motivation- Basic Concepts Unit VIII Motivation and Emotion

Instincts ________ are complex behaviors that have ______ patterns throughout the species and are not _______ (Tinbergen, 1951) Must be performed __________ in the same way as ____ members of a species in relation to a certain stimulus.

DO humans have instincts? During the height of the Instinct Theory craze a meta-analysis found ______ ‘instincts’ This theory fell out of favor in psychology Most human behaviors are ________ Human behavior is rarely _______ and found throughout the species Humans have _________ but not instincts However, we may be __________ to act certain ways

Needs vs. drives A _______ is a requirement that ______ to be fulfilled. You need to breathe, drink water, and eat food. You need security. You need _______. You need (want) money (lots of it) A need creates a state of ______ called a _____. Drive keeps us _______ and working to fulfill the need. If we are driven by our need for achievement (money, fame, property) we keep working to fulfill this need. Needs can be biological, _______, and social.

Biological Drives (Primary Drives) _________ drive based on a ___________ state found in all animals. Motivate behavior necessary for survival. ________________ Hunger Thirst Sex _____________ psychology talks about the four Fs (fighting, fleeing, feeding, and reproducing)

Homeostasis ________ explains why we ______ fulfilling biological drives. Is the ability or tendency of an organism to maintain internal ________ or balance. A state of psychological equilibrium obtained when _______ of a drive has been ___________ or eliminated.

Secondary Drives- not biologically dictated Wealth ____________ Fame

Operant Conditioning Go to work Come home at curfew You do things to get ________ and to avoid __________ Go to work Come home at curfew

Operant conditioning factors __________- environmental cues that trigger a motive or a desire for a __________. When a _________ creates goal-directed behavior- you do it to get a reward. Seeing a cue stimulates a motive. This is why ads use sex. It gets attention and stimulates a desire.

Two general types of rewards __________- from the action itself or from ________ _________- for something ______

Intrinsic motivators Refers to ________ that comes from ______ an individual rather than from any ______ or outside rewards, such as money or grades. It is ____________ than external motivation.

Extrinsic motivators Refers to __________ that comes from _________ or outside rewards, such as money or grades.

Over justification effect Where promising a _______ for doing something we already ______ to do results in us seeing the reward as the ____________ for performing the task. When the reward is taken away, the behavior is likely to _____________.

We need contact Harry Harlow and the orphaned monkeys Surrogate Mother 1- _______, food and warmth. Surrogate Mother 2- _________, warmth but no food.

Application of Harlow’s research

Aggression _________ that is intended to inflict _______ or ____________ harm on others. Freud saw it as an _______ drive (__________) that builds up until released. Society helps channel release into acceptable outlets: ________ Debates Video games _______ can increase aggression. Eros- life instinct- sexuality

Cultural Differences in Aggression

Cultural differences in aggression 

Gender Differences: aggression

Gender differences in aggression

Why? _______________? ________ influences? Can be associated with _________ and _________ Would explain how this pattern is seen throughout cultures ________ influences?

Jackson Katz: Violence against women- it’s a mans issue

Achievement ________ orientation __________ Desire to work ______ to do a good job __________ Take on difficult challenges just to get better Enjoyment of pitting one’s skills against those of other people (this can hurt you and your groups though)

Who achieves? _____________ of those who achieve: Fast learners ___________ mental sets Driven to live up to high internal standards Self __________ Take on responsibilities Don’t bow to _______ pressures

Affiliation The ________ to be with other people Increase when we feel _________ Reduce _______ and anxiety _____________ benefit