Ch. 1 The Peopling of the World Prehistory-2500 B.C. World History Ch. 1 The Peopling of the World Prehistory-2500 B.C.

Section 1: Human origins in Africa What is “prehistory”? Period of time before written records (we only have records that cover the last 5,000 years Where did man originate? Footprints were found in East Africa in the early 1970’s that were of humanlike beings that lived 3.5 million years ago. In Ethiopia, the first set of complete bones was found= “Lucy” What were some of the early advances during the Paleolithic period? Tools made of stone FIRE!!! Developed a spoken language

Section 1 What were some of the traits of these early people? Walked upright Used free arms to carry food, tools, and children Opposable thumbs! The Stone Age: Paleolithic vs. Neolithic Paleolithic: “Old Stone Age” overlapped the Ice Age (poor squirrel never did get his acorn) 2.5 million years ago until 8000 B.C. Neolithic: “New Stone Age” 8000 B.C.-3000 B.C

Hominids (p. 8 & 9) Australopithecines: 1st humanlike creature to walk upright Homo habilis: “man of skill”; 1st to make stone tools Homo erectus: 1st to use fire, may have first spoken language Homo sapiens: larger brains than homo erectus, but physically resemble them; two subgroups include Neanderthals and Cro-Magnon man Neaderthals: slanted brows; thick, muscular build; 1st to have ritual burials Cro-Magnons: bodies resembled modern people; create art Migration patterns (p. 10 map)

Section 2: Humans try to control nature Nomadic Life: Movements from place to place in search of new sources of food Early advances in technology and art: Used stone, bone, and wood to fashion more than 100 different tools Cro-Magnons used bone needles to sew clothing made from animal hides Jewelry made of shells, teeth, bones, and claws Cave paintings depicted lifelike images of wild animals Used charcoal, mud, and animal blood In Africa, artists engraved pictures on rocks

Agriculture Revolution: Transition from hunter-gatherers to the beginnings of farming Neolithic Revolution: Changes in human life resulting from the beginnings of farming Shift from food gathering to food producing Causes: Changes in climate? Slash-and-burn farming: Cut trees and grasses and burned them to clear a field. Ashes fertilized the soil; used the field for a few years, then moved on Domestication: Taming of animals Why is this important?

Farming develops around the Earth *Map p. 17 Africa: wheat, barley China: millet, wild rice Mexico and Central America: corn, beans, squash Peru: tomatoes, sweet potatoes, white potatoes

Catal Huyuk Agricultural village in Turkey: “Forked Mound” About 32 acres near a twin-coned volcano Home to 5,000-6,000 people Lived in rectangular-shaped houses made of brick Rich soil produced wheat, barley, and peas Raised sheep and cattle One of the first known civilizations with highly skilled workers Known for its obsidian products which was used to make mirrors, jewelry, and knives Active cultural and religious life in Catal Huyuk Shows the transition from nomadic life to a more permanent settlement

Section 3: Civilizations Villages grown into cities: Stable communities that were based on agriculture emerged Economic changes: New tools made farming easier; irrigation systems led to food surpluses which allowed people to develop specialized skills The wheel and the sail were invented which enabled traders to move goods over longer distances Social changes: As labor became more specialized, social classes emerge Religion also became more organized One of the first civilizations emerged in Sumer, located in Mesopotamia (part of modern Iraq) The Bronze Age began in Sumer around 3000 B.C.

Civilizations (See chart on p. 21) Advanced cities Advanced technology Record keeping Specialized workers Complex institutions

Ur One of earliest cities in Sumer, located on the banks of the Euphrates River (southern Iraq) Well-defined social classes Rulers, priests, and priestesses yielded great power Agricultural economy with large scale irrigation system Specialized occupations with a thriving marketplace Barter system emerges The temple was the center of city life in Ur: Ziggurats

Conclusion Review the Visual Summary on p. 24 Review questions 11-20 on p. 24 “Main Ideas” Review Ch. 1 Study Guide Open floor for discussion