Chemokine release from human rhinovirus–infected airway epithelial cells promotes fibroblast migration Christopher Shelfoon, BSc, Sami Shariff, BSc,

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Chemokine release from human rhinovirus–infected airway epithelial cells promotes fibroblast migration Christopher Shelfoon, BSc, Sami Shariff, BSc, Suzanne L. Traves, PhD, Cora Kooi, PhD, Richard Leigh, MD, PhD, David Proud, PhD Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Volume 138, Issue 1, Pages 114-122.e4 (July 2016) DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1308 Copyright © 2016 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 Conditioned medium from epithelial cells infected with HRV (HRV MED) is chemotactic for fibroblasts. A and B, HRV MED significantly increased migration of HBFs relative to medium alone, conditioned medium from uninfected cells (CON MED), or HRV alone in the Boyden chamber (n = 4; Fig 1, A) or the xCELLigence system (n = 5; Fig 1, B). C, Abolition of the chemotactic gradient abrogated migration to HRV MED. #P < .05 versus medium alone. *P < .05 versus other treatments. Conditions with abolished gradient are indicated by AG. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2016 138, 114-122.e4DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1308) Copyright © 2016 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 HRV-induced chemoattractant production depends on time after infection and viral replication. A, HBF migration to conditioned medium from epithelial cells infected with HRV (HRV MED) increases with time after HRV infection (n = 5). B, Fibroblast migration to conditioned medium from cells exposed to UV-treated HRV is significantly reduced compared with HRV MED (n = 6). CON MED, Conditioned medium from uninfected cells. #P < .05 versus medium alone. *P < .05 versus other treatments. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2016 138, 114-122.e4DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1308) Copyright © 2016 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 Treatment of fibroblasts with PTX inhibits their migration to conditioned medium from epithelial cells infected with HRV (HRV MED) but not to PDGF. Data are from 6 experiments. #P < .05 versus medium alone. *P < .05 versus other treatments. CON MED, Conditioned medium from uninfected cells; NS, not significant. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2016 138, 114-122.e4DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1308) Copyright © 2016 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 4 CXCL10 and CXCL8 at levels present in conditioned medium from epithelial cells infected with HRV (HRV MED) induce fibroblast chemotaxis, whereas CCL5 does not. A, Levels of each chemokine in epithelial conditioned medium from different treatments (pool of 6 HBE donors). B, Fibroblast migration to each chemokine at the level present in HRV MED. Data are from 4 experiments. #P < .05 versus medium alone. CON MED, Conditioned medium from uninfected cells. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2016 138, 114-122.e4DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1308) Copyright © 2016 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 5 Recombinant CXCL10 and CXCL8, but not CCL5, induce concentration-dependent fibroblast migration. A, Response to CXCL10 (n = 6). B, Response to CXCL8 (n = 6). C, Response to CCL5 (n = 3). Data are shown as means ± SEMs. #P < .05 versus medium alone. HRV MED, Conditioned medium from epithelial cells infected with HRV. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2016 138, 114-122.e4DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1308) Copyright © 2016 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 6 Fibroblasts express CXCR3 and CXCR1 but little CXCR2. A-C, Representative histograms are shown for CXCR3 (Fig 6, A), CXCR1 (Fig 6, B), and CXCR2 (Fig 6, C). In each case the light peak is the isotype control, and the heavy peak is the specific chemokine receptor antibody. D, Means ± SEMs of percentage of fibroblasts positive for each receptor (n = 5). APC, Allophycocyanin; PerCP, peridinin-chlorophyll-protein complex. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2016 138, 114-122.e4DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1308) Copyright © 2016 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 7 CXCL10 contributes to fibroblast migration induced by conditioned medium from epithelial cells infected with HRV (HRV MED). A, Neutralizing antibody to CXCL10, but not isotype control, inhibits chemotaxis induced by HRV MED (n = 7). B, A selective CXCR3 receptor antagonist abrogates fibroblast migration to HRV MED (n = 6). *P < .05 versus other treatments. **P < .01 versus other treatments. DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2016 138, 114-122.e4DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1308) Copyright © 2016 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 8 CXCL8 contributes to fibroblast migration induced by conditioned medium from epithelial cells infected with HRV (HRV MED). A, Neutralizing antibody to CXCL8, but not isotype control, inhibits chemotaxis induced by HRV MED (n = 6). B, A CXCR1/2 receptor antagonist significantly inhibits fibroblast migration to CXCL8 but not to HRV MED (n = 6). *P < .05 versus other treatments. DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2016 138, 114-122.e4DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1308) Copyright © 2016 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig E1 Fibroblast morphology. Fibroblasts (A) showed typical morphology and did not express α-smooth muscle actin, whereas robust expression of α-smooth muscle actin (brown staining) was seen in airway smooth muscle cells (B). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2016 138, 114-122.e4DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1308) Copyright © 2016 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig E2 Time course of HBF migration in the xCELLigence apparatus. These representative data show the “cell index” values (changing impedance value) representing increasing numbers of fibroblasts interacting with the microelectrodes in the cellular invasion and migration plates. HBF migration plateaus at 6 hours. This was used as the standard time in both the xCELLigence system and the modified Boyden chamber. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2016 138, 114-122.e4DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1308) Copyright © 2016 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions