Immune System Innate (nonspecific) Adaptive (specific) Born with this system Response to any invader Adaptive (specific) System develops throughout life Response to specific invaders Remembers previous invaders

First Line Defenses Physical barriers Chemical barriers Normal flora

Anatomical Barriers Separate interior of body from environment. Skin Mucous membranes

Chemical Barriers Interferon Chemical that helps make cells resistant to infection.

Chemical Barriers Complement Lyses bacteria Makes cells more susceptible to macrophages

Normal Flora Competitive exclusion of pathogens Block attachment sites Compete for nutrients Produce toxic compounds

Normal Flora

Inflammation IL-1, TNFa, and other cytokines cause dilation of blood vessels Vessels become leaky leading to edema; macrophages adhere to vessel wall and then squeeze through by mechanism called diapedesis.

Inflammation

Phagocytosis

Macrophages release IL-1 Fever Infection Macrophages release IL-1 Prostaglandins E1 and E2 http://www.tinymosquito.com/images/denguefever.jpg http://www.miqel.com/clusterheadaches/hypothalamus-CH.jpg

Specific Immune Response

Lymphoid System Primary Lymphoid Organs Secondary Lymphoid Organs Thymus Bone marrow Secondary Lymphoid Organs Lymph nodes Spleen Tonsils Adenoids

Lymphocytes T lymphocytes B lymphocytes Mature in thymus Mature in bone marrow Produce antibodies

Antigens Antibody generator Epitope Molecule that interacts specifically with an antibody or lymphocyte. Epitope Specific portion of a molecule to which antibody or lymphocyte interacts.

Humoral Response B lymphocytes Effector B cells (plasma cells) Produce antibodies Memory B cells Contain membrane bound antibodies

Cell-Mediated Response T lymphocytes Helper T cells (TH; CD4+) Cytotoxic T cells (TC; CD8+)

Helper T-cell Function Recognize antigen. Activate cytotoxic T cells and B cells.

Cytotoxic T-cell Function Produce enzymes that kill abnormal or virus-infected cell http://www.learner.org/channel/courses/biology/textbook/hiv/hiv_3.html

Immune Response http://fajerpc.magnet.fsu.edu/Education/2010/Lectures/36_Immune_Diseases.htm

Vaccinations

Types of Immunity

Fact or Myth Chicken pox is not a fatal disease, so that vaccine is not necessary. MYTH

Fact or Myth A breastfed infant doesn’t need to be vaccinated because he/she is receiving protective antibodies from his/her mother. MYTH

Fact or Myth The chickenpox vaccine is not 100% effective; however, if a vaccinated person contracts the disease, the disease is less severe. FACT

Fact or Myth It is safe for an infant to receive multiple vaccinations during a single visit to the pediatrician's office. FACT

Fact or Myth These diseases have been virtually eliminated from the United States, so my child doesn't need to be vaccinated. MYTH Measles epidemic between 1989 and 1991. 55,000 cases/120 deaths Due to 10% decrease in MMR immunizations

Fact or Myth An individual who is vaccinated not only protects himself but those around him as well. FACT When a critical percentage of the population is immune to a disease, herd immunity develops.

Fact or Myth Thimerosal, a preservative used in some vaccines, causes autism in a small percentage of children. MYTH

Vaccination Schedule

Immunization Quiz http://www.cispimmunize.org/ill/ill_main.html

Flu Shot Game http://www.microbelibrary.org/ASMOnly/details.asp?id=1814&Lang=