By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H.S. Chappaqua, NY Final Regents Review: GREECE By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H.S. Chappaqua, NY

The Geography of Greece

Archaic Greece: 1650 BCE - 700 BCE

Bronze Age Greece

Mycenaeans First group of Indo-Europeans to settle on the Greek Mainland Sometime after 1500BC, the Mycenaeans come into contact with the Minoan civilization. Learn the value of seaborne trade Mycenaeans adopt the Minoan form of writing Also adopted religious practice

Crete: Minoan Civilization (Palace at Knossos)

Knossos: Minoan Civilization

Minoan Civilization

The Mycenaean Civilization

Dorians Not long after Trojan War, Mycenaean civilization collapsed Far less advanced civilization moved in called the Dorians Greeks lose the art of writing under the Dorians (known as the Dark Age of Greece)

Homer: The “Heroic Age”

Homer Greeks learned about their history through the spoken word. Greatest storyteller of all was Homer.

The Mask of Agamemnon

"Hellenic" (Classical) Greece: 700 BCE - 324 BCE

Warring City-States Polis—fundamental political unit (similar to city-states of Mesopotamia) Acropolis—fortified hilltop Monarchy—single person rule (king) Aristocracy—ruled by small group of nobles Oligarchy—ruled by a few powerful people Tyrants—powerful individuals who gained control of a city-state’s government by appealing to the poor for support

ATHENS: Yesterday & Today

Athens builds a limited Democracy Democracy—rule by the people Citizens participate directly in decision making Athens emphasized the importance of education, learning, and building a strong democracy

Early Athenian Lawgivers Draco “draconian” Solon Cleisthenes created the first democracy!

Persian Wars: 499 BCE – 480 BCE

Persian Wars Fought between the Greeks and the Persians Led to a new sense of confidence for the Greek city-states Phalanx—military formation would become the most powerful fighting force in the ancient world

Persian Wars: Famous Battles Marathon (490 BCE) 26 miles from Athens Thermopylae (480 BCE) 300 Spartans at the Mountain pass Salamis (480 BCE) Athenian navy victorious

Golden “Age of Pericles”: 460 BCE – 429 BCE

Great Athenian Philosophers Socrates Know thyself! question everything (examine your beliefs) (Socratic Method) only the pursuit of goodness brings happiness. Plato The Academy The Republic  philosopher-king About his vision of a perfectly governed society

Great Athenian Philosophers Aristotle The Lyceum “Golden Mean” [everything in moderation]. Logic. Scientific method. Most famous students was: Alexander the Great

Classical Art Sculpture Writers Architects Values of harmony, order, balance, and proportion

Athens: The Arts & Sciences DRAMA (tragedians): Aeschylus Sophocles Euripides THE SCIENCES: Pythagoras Democritus  all matter made up of small atoms. Hippocrates  “Father of Medicine”

Phidias’ Acropolis

The Acropolis Today

The Parthenon

The Agora

The Classical Greek “Ideal”

Olympia

The Ancient Olympics: Athletes & Trainers

Olympia: Temple to Hera

The 2004 Olympics

SPARTA

Sparta Focused on developing their military strength and power

SPARTA Helots  Messenians enslaved by the Spartans.

Peloponnesian Wars

Peloponnesian Wars Fought between Athens and Sparta Athens (strong navy) Sparta (strong army and better location) Leads to the surrender of the Athenian city-state

Macedonia Under Philip II

Phillip II Leader of Macedonia (kingdom north of Greece) Would conquer Greece in 338 BCE

"Hellenistic" Greece: 324 BCE - 100 BCE

Hellenistic Relating to the civilization of Greek world Language, art, science, and literature From the reign of Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great’s Empire

Alexander the Great King of Macedonia Dreamed of taking control of Greece and Persia Armies used the phalanx technique to conquer Greece but he was killed before he could take over Persia

Alexander the Great in Persia

The Hellenization of Asia

Pergamum: A Hellenistic City

Colossus of Rhodes

The Economy of the Hellenistic World

Alexandria City located in North Africa Becomes the foremost center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization.

Hellenistic Philosophers Cynics  Diogenes ignore social conventions & avoid luxuries. citizens of the world. live a humble, simple life. Epicurians  Epicurus avoid pain & seek pleasure. all excess leads to pain! politics should be avoided.

Hellenistic Philosophers Stoics  Zeno nature is the expansion of divine will. concept of natural law. get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but to perform virtuous acts for the good of all. true happiness is found in great achievements.

Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences Scientists / Mathematicians: Aristarchus  heliocentric theory. Euclid  geometry Most famous writings are titled the Elements Archimedes  pulley Hellenistic Art: More realistic; less ideal than Hellenic art. Showed individual emotions, wrinkles, and age!

The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire