Fig. 31-1

Reproductive structure Fig. 31-2 Reproductive structure Hyphae Spore-producing structures 20 µm Mycelium

Cell wall Cell wall Nuclei Pore Septum Nuclei (a) Septate hypha Fig. 31-3 Cell wall Cell wall Nuclei Pore Septum Nuclei (a) Septate hypha (b) Coenocytic hypha

(a) Hyphae adapted for trapping and killing prey Fig. 31-4 Hyphae Nematode 25 µm (a) Hyphae adapted for trapping and killing prey Plant cell wall Fungal hypha Plant cell Plant cell plasma membrane Haustorium (b) Haustoria

(a) Hyphae adapted for trapping and killing prey Fig. 31-4a Hyphae Nematode 25 µm (a) Hyphae adapted for trapping and killing prey

Plant cell Fungal hypha wall Plant cell Plant cell plasma membrane Fig. 31-4b Plant cell wall Fungal hypha Plant cell Plant cell plasma membrane Haustorium (b) Haustoria

Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (unfused nuclei from different parents) Fig. 31-5-1 Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (unfused nuclei from different parents) Diploid (2n) Spore-producing structures Spores ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Mycelium GERMINATION

Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic stage Heterokaryotic (unfused nuclei from Fig. 31-5-2 Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic stage Heterokaryotic (unfused nuclei from different parents) PLASMOGAMY (fusion of cytoplasm) Diploid (2n) KARYOGAMY (fusion of nuclei) Spore-producing structures Zygote SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Spores ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Mycelium GERMINATION

Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic stage Heterokaryotic (unfused nuclei from Fig. 31-5-3 Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic stage Heterokaryotic (unfused nuclei from different parents) PLASMOGAMY (fusion of cytoplasm) Diploid (2n) KARYOGAMY (fusion of nuclei) Spore-producing structures Zygote SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Spores ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Mycelium MEIOSIS GERMINATION GERMINATION Spores

Fig. 31-6 2.5 µm

Fig. 31-7 10 µm Parent cell Bud

UNICELLULAR, FLAGELLATED Nucleariids ANCESTOR Opisthokonts Chytrids Fig. 31-8 Animals (and their close protistan relatives) UNICELLULAR, FLAGELLATED ANCESTOR Nucleariids Opisthokonts Chytrids Fungi Other fungi

Fig. 31-9 50 µm

Fig. 31-10 10 µm Host cell nucleus Developing microsporidian Spore

Chytrids Zygomycetes Glomeromycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Fig. 31-UN1 Chytrids Zygomycetes Glomeromycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes

Fig. 31-11 Hyphae 25 µm Chytrids (1,000 species) Zygomycetes (1,000 species) Fungal hypha Glomeromycetes (160 species) Ascomycetes (65,000 species) Basidiomycetes (30,000 species)

Fig. 31-11a Hyphae 25 µm Chytrids (1,000 species)

Zygomycetes (1,000 species) Fig. 31-11b Zygomycetes (1,000 species)

Glomeromycetes (160 species) Fig. 31-11c Fungal hypha Glomeromycetes (160 species)

Ascomycetes (65,000 species) Fig. 31-11d Ascomycetes (65,000 species)

Basidiomycetes (30,000 species) Fig. 31-11e Basidiomycetes (30,000 species)

Fig. 31-12 Flagellum 4 µm

Chytrids Zygomycetes Glomeromycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Fig. 31-UN2 Chytrids Zygomycetes Glomeromycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes

Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Mating Fig. 31-13-1 Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) PLASMOGAMY Mating type (+) Gametangia with haploid nuclei Mating type (–) Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic) Rhizopus growing on bread SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Mating Fig. 31-13-2 Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) PLASMOGAMY Mating type (+) Gametangia with haploid nuclei Mating type (–) 100 µm Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic) Rhizopus growing on bread SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Zygosporangium KARYOGAMY Diploid nuclei

Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Mating Fig. 31-13-3 Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) PLASMOGAMY Mating type (+) Gametangia with haploid nuclei Mating type (–) 100 µm Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic) Rhizopus growing on bread SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Dispersal and germination Zygosporangium KARYOGAMY Spores Diploid nuclei Sporangium MEIOSIS

Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Mating Fig. 31-13-4 Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) PLASMOGAMY Mating type (+) Gametangia with haploid nuclei Mating type (–) 100 µm Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic) Rhizopus growing on bread SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Dispersal and germination Zygosporangium Sporangia KARYOGAMY Spores Diploid nuclei Sporangium ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION MEIOSIS Dispersal and germination 50 µm Mycelium

Fig. 31-14 0.5 mm

Chytrids Zygomycetes Glomeromycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Fig. 31-UN3 Chytrids Zygomycetes Glomeromycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes

Fig. 31-15 2.5 µm

Chytrids Zygomycetes Glomeromycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Fig. 31-UN4 Chytrids Zygomycetes Glomeromycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes

Tuber melanosporum, a truffle Fig. 31-16 Morchella esculenta, the tasty morel Tuber melanosporum, a truffle

Fig. 31-16a Morchella esculenta, the tasty morel

Tuber melanosporum, a truffle Fig. 31-16b Tuber melanosporum, a truffle

Key Haploid spores (conidia) Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n + n) Fig. 31-17-1 Haploid spores (conidia) Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Dispersal Germination ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Hypha Conidiophore Mycelium

Key Conidia; mating type (–) Haploid spores (conidia) Haploid (n) Fig. 31-17-2 Conidia; mating type (–) Haploid spores (conidia) Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Dispersal Germination Mating type (+) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Hypha PLASMOGAMY Ascus (dikaryotic) Conidiophore Mycelia Dikaryotic hyphae Mycelium SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Key Conidia; mating type (–) Haploid spores (conidia) Haploid (n) Fig. 31-17-3 Conidia; mating type (–) Haploid spores (conidia) Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Dispersal Germination Mating type (+) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Hypha PLASMOGAMY Ascus (dikaryotic) Conidiophore Mycelia Dikaryotic hyphae Mycelium SEXUAL REPRODUCTION KARYOGAMY Diploid nucleus (zygote)

Key Conidia; mating type (–) Haploid spores (conidia) Haploid (n) Fig. 31-17-4 Conidia; mating type (–) Haploid spores (conidia) Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Dispersal Germination Mating type (+) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Hypha PLASMOGAMY Ascus (dikaryotic) Conidiophore Mycelia Dikaryotic hyphae Mycelium Germination SEXUAL REPRODUCTION KARYOGAMY Dispersal Diploid nucleus (zygote) Asci Eight ascospores Ascocarp Four haploid nuclei MEIOSIS

Chytrids Zygomycetes Glomeromycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Fig. 31-UN5 Chytrids Zygomycetes Glomeromycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes

Fig. 31-18 Maiden veil fungus (Dictyphora), a fungus with an odor like rotting meat Puffballs emitting spores Shelf fungi, important decomposers of wood

Maiden veil fungus (Dictyphora), a Fig. 31-18a Maiden veil fungus (Dictyphora), a fungus with an odor like rotting meat

Fig. 31-18b Puffballs emitting spores

Fig. 31-18c Shelf fungi, important decomposers of wood

Dikaryotic mycelium Haploid mycelia Mating type (–) Mating type (+) Fig. 31-19-1 Dikaryotic mycelium Haploid mycelia PLASMOGAMY Mating type (–) Mating type (+) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n +n) Diploid (2n)

Dikaryotic mycelium Haploid mycelia Mating type (–) Mating type (+) Fig. 31-19-2 Dikaryotic mycelium Haploid mycelia PLASMOGAMY Mating type (–) Mating type (+) Gills lined with basidia SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Basidiocarp (n+n) Basidia (n+n) Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n +n) Diploid (2n)

Dikaryotic mycelium Haploid mycelia Mating type (–) Mating type (+) Fig. 31-19-3 Dikaryotic mycelium Haploid mycelia PLASMOGAMY Mating type (–) Mating type (+) Gills lined with basidia SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Basidiocarp (n+n) Basidia (n+n) KARYOGAMY Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n +n) Diploid nuclei Diploid (2n)

Dikaryotic mycelium Haploid mycelia Mating type (–) Mating type (+) Fig. 31-19-4 Dikaryotic mycelium Haploid mycelia PLASMOGAMY Mating type (–) Mating type (+) Gills lined with basidia Haploid mycelia SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Basidiocarp (n+n) Dispersal and germination Basidiospores (n) Basidium with four basidiospores Basidia (n+n) Basidium Basidium containing four haploid nuclei KARYOGAMY MEIOSIS Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n +n) Diploid nuclei 1 µm Basidiospore Diploid (2n)

Fig. 31-20

30 15 20 10 10 5 E–P+ E+P+ E–P+ E+P+ RESULTS Fig. 31-21 RESULTS Endophyte not present; pathogen present (E–P+) Both endophyte and pathogen present (E+P+) 30 15 20 10 Leaf mortality (%) Leaf area damaged (%) 10 5 E–P+ E+P+ E–P+ E+P+

Fig. 31-22

Crustose (encrusting) lichens A foliose (leaflike) lichen Fig. 31-23  Crustose (encrusting) lichens A fruticose (shrublike) lichen  A foliose (leaflike) lichen

A fruticose (shrublike) lichen Fig. 31-23a A fruticose (shrublike) lichen

Fig. 31-23b Crustose (encrusting) lichens

Fig. 31-23c A foliose (leaflike) lichen

Ascocarp of fungus Soredia Fungal hyphae Algal layer Algal cell Fig. 31-24 Ascocarp of fungus Soredia Fungal hyphae Algal layer Algal cell 20 µm Fungal hyphae

(a) Corn smut on corn (b) Tar spot fungus on maple leaves Fig. 31-25 (a) Corn smut on corn (b) Tar spot fungus on maple leaves (c) Ergots on rye

Fig. 31-25a (a) Corn smut on corn

Fig. 31-25b (b) Tar spot fungus on maple leaves

Fig. 31-25c (c) Ergots on rye

Fig. 31-26 Staphylococcus Penicillium Zone of inhibited growth

Fig. 31-UN6

Fig. 31-UN6a

Fig. 31-UN6b

Fig. 31-UN6c

Fig. 31-UN6d

Fig. 31-UN6e

Fig. 31-T1

Fig. 31-UN7