Reform & Westward Expansion Lecture 4

Standard 11.1.4 Examine the effects of the Civil War and Reconstruction and of the Industrial Revolution, including demographic shifts and the emergences in the late 19th century of the United States as a world power. Essential Question: Explain how the Civil War and Reconstruction Era changed the demographics of the United States.

6th President~ John Quincy Adams (1825-1829) Extension of Voting Rights Before 1800s white men w/$$$ who attended church Early 1800s given to all white men Changed who got elected Power shifted from the super wealthy to a more dynamic process. CSS 11.1.3

7th President~ Andrew Jackson (1829-1837) Indian Removal Act, 1830 “voluntary” removal of all Indians S.C. ruled it illegal but Jackson did it anyway Trail of Tears, 1835-1839 100,000 Indians moved A Bureau of Indian Affairs was created protect Indian rights/land SC Supreme Court Jackson ordinary man, got the vote. War hero in war of 1812 CSS 11.1.4

2nd Great Awakening, 1820s Goal~ moral perfection Civil Disobedience Led to social reforms Slavery, women’s suffrage, humane treatment of criminals, etc Civil Disobedience Peacefully refuse laws you think are immoral “Wall of Separation” Church & State Charles Finney CSS 11.3.1

Abolitionism, 1830s – 1860s Tried to end slavery in the US 2 million slaves Slave revolts (200) Pushed for legal, financial, & social reform Underground railroad Harriet Tubman Led people to freedom from north to south CSS 11.3.2

Women’s Rights Movement Seneca Falls Convention, 1848 Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, & Susan B. Anthony Declaration of Sentiments Demanded equality Borrowed ideas from Declaration of Independence Ignored CSS 11.10.7

Manifest Destiny, 1840s US was intended by God to stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific Leads to expansion (Oregon, Texas) War w/ Mexico Coined by John Sullivan (1845) This painting (circa 1872) by John Gast called American Progress is an allegorical representation of Manifest Destiny. In the scene, the lady Columbia—a 19th century personification of the United States—carries the light of "civilization" westward with American settlers, as American Indians and wild animals are driven before them. The Mississippi River is behind them, and Columbia strings telegraph wire as she travels. "it was the nation's manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federated self-government entrusted to us." CSS 11.1.4

Expansion Mexican-American War, 1846 Gold found in 1849 (CA) Boarder disputes (Texas & Mexico) US won, grew by 1/3 fought over new territory (free or slave)? Gold found in 1849 (CA) Forty-niners The Compromise of 1850 made CA a state Free Unbalanced CSS 11.1.4

Causes of the Civil War Mexican-American War 2. Sectionalism Free or slave??? 2. Sectionalism 3. Dred Scott decision 1857 The S.C. ruled that a slave is property no matter where they are This made all states slave states. slavery Kansas-Nebraska Act Bleeding Kansas CSS 11.1.4

A Divided Nation The Election of 1860 South Secedes Abraham Lincoln (16th pres.) South Secedes South Carolina 1st state…6 other states followed…4 more The Confederate States of America Confederacy protected individual State rights & slavery

Civil War Revivals A period of religious activism in late 1850s through the early 1900s that led to social activism. Prohibition, child labor laws, immigration reform Social Gospel Movement, YMCA, Christian Science CSS 11.3.2

Reconstruction Amendments Thirteenth Amendment, 1865 Ended and outlawed slavery in the US. Fourteenth Amendment, 1868 Granted citizenship to former slaves. Made discrimination illegal. Fifteenth Amendment, 1870 Gave voting rights to all men regardless of color.

Demographic Shifts Many slaves moved North and West Black codes Competition for Jobs Black codes Established rules for blacks who stayed in the south. Couldn’t loiter, be in a jury, lease land

Sharecropping Almost the same thing as slavery The landlord furnished a house, a plot of land to work, seed, some farm animals and farm tools, and advanced them the credit they needed to get started.

Ku Klux Klan (Founded 1866) Angry ex-confederate soldiers lashed out at free blacks because they could vote. Used intimidation and violence to discourage blacks from voting.

Jim Crow Laws Southern laws allowed officials to arrest blacks who could not document employment or residence Forced labor Restricted blacks from certain occupations, jury duty, or from owning guns.

Plessy vs. Ferguson, 1896 Supreme Court ruling that allowed “separate but equal” facilities for whites and blacks. Led to segregation for the next 60 years.