Foreign Domination Describe the reaction to foreign domination; include the Russo-Japanese War and Young Turks, and the Boxer Rebellion.

Opener SSWH standard 15c Which of the following was an aggressor nation? Which was a victim of aggression? Russia China Japan Ottoman Empire France England

Boxer Rebellion “Destroy the Foreigners” Opium Wars- China loses to Britain, opens to 1842 Boxers- “Society of Righteous & Harmonious Fists” Called boxers because of martial arts skill Believed dedication made them invincible to swords & bullets Believed “spirit soldiers” would aid fight against Western Occupation Attacks against German missionaries, Chinese Christians, burning churches and pulling up railroads Despite pressure from West, Empress Cixi did nothing to stop the attacks Foreigner began to flee to Beijing to embassies, Boxers surround embassies (siege)

Siege August 14, 1900- after 2 month siege, Western Armies arrive in Beijing. Russia sends largest group Japan 2nd largest group US 3rd largest group Western countries demand that Boxers be punished, embassy compound be rebuild, railroads repaired & 333 million dollars in fines Empress Cixi returns to power, but has to agree to teach western ideas in Chinese schools, outlaw foot binding, send officials to study abroad Beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty

Russo-Japanese War Czar Nicholas II- Russia Financed a new railroad in China through Manchuria to Port Arthur Rented Port Arthur from Chinese for 99 years Decided to seize Korea Victory in the Sino-Japanese war gave Japan a foothold in Korea Attempts to use diplomacy to keep Russia out of Korea, fails Feb. 9, 1904- “If your sword is too short, take one step forward” Admiral Togo leads surprise attack on Russian ships at Port Arthur (sound familiar?) Siege continues for 148 days, most experience Russian admiral is killed Battle of Mukden- Russia is defeated in the largest land battle up to this time

Outcome of Russo-Japanese War May 27,1905 war ends Theodore Roosevelt (Nobel Peace Prize) helps arrange a peace treaty Treaty of Portsmouth signed in Portsmouth, New Hampshire Russia not allowed to invade Korea Japan gets part of Manchuria, Port Arthur and other land Japan is now the dominant force in East Asia

Ottoman Empire “Sick Man of Europe” Background: Czar Nicholas I wanted gain control of Constantinople Queen Victoria feared Russia becoming too powerful King Louis-Philippe of France feared Russia enough ally w/ England 1853- Crimean War Fighting begins over who should protect the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem France tells Ottomans that they will attack Constantinople if they do not get the keys to the church Russia counters that they will attack if France gets the keys Russia invades Turkish empire France is joined by Britain in attacking Russians

Outcome of Crimean War After British & France drive Russia out of Turkish Empire, they decide to push further and capture Sevastopol Sevastopol is port city located on Crimean Peninsula in Black Sea where Russia keeps warships Fighting continues with blunders on both sides, British & French capture Sevastopol 1856- Peace of Paris is signed Russia gets Sevastopol back Turkish land returned to Turks Russia stops keeping warships in Black Sea

Ottoman Empire April 1876- Young Bulgarians rebel against Turks Sultan Abdul Aziz violently crush rebellion; 12,000 are killed in response to the April Uprising 1 month later, Abdul Aziz is dead Replaced by Sultan Murad V- crazy- rules 93 days Sultan Abdulhamid II becomes new sultan Creates constitution and begins to westernize government Russia invades in response to treatment of Bulgaria January 1878- Russia defeats Ottoman forces Bulgaria gets independence Russia takes Romania & part of Asia Minor (1/2 of Ottoman Territory is lost)

Sick Man of Europe 2 problems with Abdulhamid’s constitution: Article 113- “Sultan can deport anyone he thought ‘harmful to the state.’” Tradition for centuries said Sultan was the ultimate power on Earth– hard to change Constitution lasted for 1 year before Abdulhamid dissolved it. Began to make improvements such as railroads, telegraph lines, improved university Ruled with an iron fist- secret police force

Abdulhamid, The Red Sultan Armenia is located between the Caspian Sea & the Black Sea Armenia Christians were often treated badly by Ottoman officials- higher taxes, land seizure 1894- Armenians rebel against Ottoman Empire Many killed by soldiers or forced to march out of Ottoman territory At least 100,000 Armenians are killed in 3 year period (Armenian Massacre) Abdulhamid declares war on Armenians 1889- Medical students plot to get rid of Abdulhamid Wanted a secular country called Turkey Recruited students at Istanbul University Forced to flee country, but found other exiled Turks in places like Geneva & Paris

Balkan Mess Russia’s new territory made Europe nervous Western Europe decides Russia can keep Romania, but must give Asia Minor back to Ottoman Empire Bulgaria, Montenegro & Serbia independent. Austria claims Bosnia & Croatia Ottomans hold Albania & Macedonia August 1903- Macedonians rebel against Ottomans St. Elijah’s Day Uprising Sultan Abdulhamid orders Turkish soldiers to kill all rebels

Young Turks Young Turks (in exile) now had a reason to attack Young Turks convince Turkish army to join them in demanding constitution & reassembling Turkish Parliament. Abdulhamid agrees, then leaves country. Young Turks “Ottoman Nation”: Voting rights for all (20 years and up) Same rights for Christians & Muslims Wanted to remove Islamic laws & modernize farms & factories Wanted entire empire to speak Turkish Not willing to allow Macedonia & Albania to declare independence

1st Balkan War 1912- Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece & Montenegro join, with the help of the Russians, to free Albania & Macedonia from Turkish rule After 2 months, Ottoman army surrenders Albania is now recognized as a free nation Macedonia does not

2nd Balkan War 1913- Serbia, Bulgaria & Greece fight over how to divide Macedonia Greece and Serbia divide Macedonia, Bulgaria gets tiny piece Balkan Peninsula becomes the “powder keg” of Europe June 28, 1914- Serbian kills the heir to the throne of Austria

Bibliography Based on The Story of the World: History for the Classical Child, Volume 4: The Modern Age: From Victoria’s Empire to the End of the USSR by Susan Wise Bauer