The Human Machine: Keeping you alive! Function Supply and transport materials, remove wastes Support and move Control itself and sense environment Protect and defend against invaders Skeletal Muscular Systems Digestive Respiratory Circulatory Urinary Nervous Endocrine Immune/ Lymphatic

Function 1: Supply and transport materials, and remove wastes A. Digestive System: supplies materials and removes solid waste Take in food and water Break down food into absorbable particles Transfer nutrients and water to blood and then to body cells Get rid of solid waste Some Important Terms/Parts: Mouth: Chews food, adds saliva to start chemical breakdown. Stomach: Mixes food with hydrochloric acid, enzyme pepsin, and mucus. Small Intestine: Enzymes added and food further broken down into simple sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids; Molecules diffuse into blood. Large Intestine: Water is absorbed into blood; solid waste (feces) excreted.

Function 1: Supply and transport materials, and remove wastes B. Respiratory System: supplies O2 and removes CO2 and H2O waste Inhale O2 (Brings Oxygen INTO the body.) Exchange O2 for CO2 with the blood Exhale CO2 (Removes Carbon Dioxide from the body.) Some Important Terms/Parts: Nose: air enters here, gets cleaned by cilia, and is warmed and moistened Epiglottis: A small flap of tissue that blocks the windpipe during swallowing Lungs: inhale and exhale, exchange gases with the blood Air Sacs or Alveoli: provide a lot of surface area for gases to diffuse from the lungs into/out of the nearby blood.

Function 1: Supply and transport materials, and remove wastes C. Circulatory System: transport materials to and wastes from body cells Pick up O2 from lungs Exchange O2, nutrients and water for CO2 and other wastes with the body cells Drop off CO2 at lungs Important Terms and Parts: Heart: pumps the blood to lungs and rest of the body Arteries: muscular blood vessels that always carry blood away from heart Veins: blood vessels that always carry blood back to heart Capillaries: smallest blood vessels that allow materials to diffuse between blood and body cells Blood: transports materials around body; has 4 main components Red Blood Cells: carry O2 and glucose Plasma: carries water and salts White Blood Cells: fight invaders Platelets: clot cuts

Function 1: Supply and transport materials, and remove wastes D. Excretory/Urinary System: removes dissolved wastes and heat from body Kidneys filter out wastes from the blood Dissolved wastes excreted from body Excess heat is transferred to environment Skin allows water to evaporate from body Important Terms and Parts: Urea: waste from cells, made in breakdown of proteins Urine: urea and excess water Kidneys: Removes waste from the blood Ureters: tubes that connect kidneys to urinary bladder Urethra: Where urine is discharged when bladder is full. Skin: gets rid of excess heat, water, and some urea through sweat

Function 2: Support and Move A Function 2: Support and Move A. Muscular System: Works with skeletal system to control movement of body. Important Terms and Parts: Voluntary: you can consciously control these muscles Involuntary: you can not consciously control these muscles Type 1:Skeletal Muscle Moves bones; they are attached to bones by tendons. Usually come in pairs. Muscles can only pull; they never push. Voluntary Type 2: Smooth Muscle Lines internal organs such as esophagus, stomach, arteries. Keeps internal organs working. Involuntary Type 3: Cardiac Muscle Found only in the heart; looks like skeletal muscle but acts like smooth muscle.

B. Skeletal System: supports the body, protects delicate organs, and helps move and support the body (Also makes blood cells and stores fat and minerals) Important Terms and Parts: Bones: 206 in adult body; bone cells surrounded by non-living materials (calcium, protein); marrow makes blood cells. Cartilage: tissue that is more flexible than bone; keeps bones from grinding together in joints and gives shape to nose and ears Joints: where bones meet Ex. Ball-and-Socket (shoulder), Hinge (elbow, knee), Gliding (wrist), Pivot (1st vertebra) Ligaments: tissue that connects bones to other bones. Tendons: tissue that connects bones to muscles.

Function 3: Controls itself and senses environment A Function 3: Controls itself and senses environment A. Nervous System: Body’s control center. Sends, receives, and processes nerve impulses throughout the body. Important Terms and Parts: Neuron (Nerve Cell): Process, receive, and send nerve impulses throughout the body. Nerve Impulse: Tells your muscles and organs what to do and how to respond to the environment. Nerves: bundles of nerve cells; 3 types: sensory, motor, and mixed. Brain: Main control center of NS; directs and coordinates all body processes, thoughts, behaviors, and emotions. Spinal Cord: extends from brain down your back; relays information to/from body to/from brain

B. Endocrine System: Controls many daily body activities, controls body’s long-term development Important Terms and Parts: Hormones: chemicals that control body functions (ex: growth). It can turn it on/off or slow down/speed up other organs (Ex. Adrenaline, estrogen, testosterone.) Endocrine Glands: organs that make hormones and inject them directly into bloodstream. Pituitary Glands: master gland that controls many other endocrine glands. Pancreas Glands: regulates blood sugar levels by releasing insulin and glucagon. Thyroid Glands: regulates your body’s metabolism

Function 4: Protect and defend against invaders. A Function 4: Protect and defend against invaders. A.Immune System: Our body’s defense system against infections and diseases. Important Terms and Parts: Automatic Response: Physically prevents threatening substances from entering your body. (EX: Mucous membranes of the skin.) Inflammatory Response: Excreting invaders from your body. (EX: Sneezing and runny nose) Lymphocytes: White blood cells that migrate to lymph nodes and produce antibodies, which fight disease.

B. Lymphatic System: Filters out organisms that cause disease, produces white blood cells, and generates disease-fighting antibodies. Important Terms and Parts: Network of Vessels: These carry excess fluid away from the spaces between tissues and organs and return it to the bloodstream.