‘model’ MIMICRY ‘mimic’

‘mimicry complex’

‘diffuse mimicry’

Crypsis: - crypsis is the ability of an organism to avoid observation or detection by other organisms. It may be either a predation strategy or an antipredator adaptation, and methods include camouflage, nocturnality, subterranean lifestyle, transparency,[2] and mimicry (Wikipedia).

Crypsis: - crypsis is the ability of an organism to avoid observation or detection by other organisms. It may be either a predation strategy or an antipredator adaptation, and methods include camouflage, nocturnality, subterranean lifestyle, transparency,[2] and mimicry (Wikipedia). Mimicry: mimicry is the similarity of one species to another.[2] This similarity can be in appearance, behaviour, sound, scent and even location, with the mimics found in similar places to their models. (Wikipedia) Coral Snake - venomous Milk Snake – non-venomous

Can get complicated…. Alligator snapper looks like a rock (crypsis), but has a tongue that ‘mimics’ a small fish video

Frogfish video

Mimicry for predator avoidance: Batesian: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protection Three different, unpalatable species

Mimicry for predator avoidance: Batesian: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protection Three different, unpalatable species Three female morphs of a single palatable species; each mimics an unpalatable species in its range.

Mimicry for predator avoidance: Batesian: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protection Non-mimetic morphs of the same species, Papilio dardanus (African Swallowtail) Three different, unpalatable species Three female morphs of a single palatable species; each mimics an unpalatable species in its range.

Mimicry for predator avoidance: Batesian: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protection Honey bee Stingless flies, moths, and beetles

Mimicry for predator avoidance: Batesian: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protection This is a katydid, NOT an ant…

Mimicry for predator avoidance: Batesian: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protection Snake-head caterpillars (different species)

Mimicry for predator avoidance: Batesian: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protection Automimicry?

Mimicry for predator avoidance: Batesian: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protection Ants are unpalatable to most birds and are avoided, selecting for mimicry in many other insects Spider Fly Hemipteran (bug) Hemipteran Beetle

Mimicry for predator avoidance: Batesian: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protection Mullerian: unpalatable species converge on a common morphology – mimicking one another, in a sense. Monarch Viceroy

Mimicry for predator avoidance: Batesian: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protection Mullerian: unpalatable species converge on a common morphology – mimicking one another, in a sense. Four species of distasteful butterflies in the Amazon – mimicry complex

Mimicry for predator avoidance: Batesian: a palatable mimic looks like an unpalatable model, and so gains protection Mullerian: unpalatable species converge on a common morphology – mimicking one another, in a sense.

Mimicry for predator avoidance: Emslyan: deadly species may not always serve as models, because they give predators little chance to learn to avoid them. Coral snakes, for instance, are deadly. But false coral snakes are mildly poisonous (not deadly). So, it MAY be that coral snakes and milk snakes are mimicking false coral snakes. FALSE CORAL MILK

Mimicry/Crypsis by predators to GET a meal:

Mimicry/Crypsis by predators to GET a meal:

Mimicry/Crypsis by predators to GET a meal:

Mimicry/Crypsis by predators to GET a meal:

Mimicry/Crypsis by predators to GET a meal: Female Photuris versicolor mimic the light pattern of other species and eat males that come in response. Male P. versicolor mimic other species, too, to get close enough to their own females to attempt mating

Ant-mimic spiders video

Selection favoring particular plant morphologies

Artificial Selection favoring particular plant morphologies in “weeds” Wheat Rye – secondary crop

Artificial Selection favoring particular plant morphologies in “weeds” Rice Echinochloa oryzoides

Chemical Mimicry Bola spiders and bird-dropping spiders: – emit pheromone that mimics the sex pheromone of certain moth species… male moths come and get eaten.

Chemical Mimicry Some orchids emit the sex pheromone of a particular wasp species. Males come and “mate” with the flower, getting dusted with pollen. video

Chemical Mimicry Orchid emits pheromones that mimic aphid alarm phermones. This attracts hover flies that eat aphids… and they end up transferring pollen between flowers.

Chemical Mimicry Blister beetle – Meloe franciscanus Larvae emit the sex pheromone of the solitary bee, Habropoda pallida. Male bees come to a larval mass to mate, and get covered with larvae. They transfer these to females when they DO mate, and then larvae are taken to the nest where they eat bee eggs and larvae. video

Selective Pressures Response Predators Selective Pressures Prey Mutualists Parasites Morphology Behavior Chemistry Response Mimicry of env (crypsis), predators, or prey to maximize survival, feeding efficiency (growth), or reproduction