Descriptive Statistics Chapter 2 Descriptive Statistics

Range

Frequency Distributions and Their Graphs § 2.1 Frequency Distributions and Their Graphs

LEARNING OBJECTIVES Construct a frequency distribution that includes classes, frequencies, midpoints, relative frequencies, and cumulative frequencies. Construct frequency histograms, frequency polygons, relative frequency histograms, and ogives.

Histogram

Frequency Distributions A frequency distribution is a table that shows classes or intervals of data with a count of the number in each class. The frequency f of a class is the number of data points in the class. Class Frequency, f 1 – 4 4 5 – 8 5 9 – 12 3 13 – 16 17 – 20 2 Lower Class Limits Upper Class Limits Frequencies

Frequency Distributions The class width is the distance between lower (or upper) limits of consecutive classes. Class Frequency, f 1 – 4 4 5 – 8 5 9 – 12 3 13 – 16 17 – 20 2 5 – 1 = 4 9 – 5 = 4 13 – 9 = 4 17 – 13 = 4 The class width is 4. The range is the difference between the maximum and minimum data entries.

Constructing a Frequency Distribution Guidelines Decide on the number of classes to include. The number of classes should be between 5 and 20; otherwise, it may be difficult to detect any patterns. Find the class width as follows. Determine the range of the data, divide the range by the number of classes, and round up to the next convenient number. Find the class limits. You can use the minimum entry as the lower limit of the first class. To find the remaining lower limits, add the class width to the lower limit of the preceding class. Then find the upper class limits. Make a tally mark for each data entry in the row of the appropriate class. Count the tally marks to find the total frequency f for each class.

Constructing a Frequency Distribution Example: The following data represents the ages of 30 students in a statistics class. Construct a frequency distribution that has five classes. Ages of Students 18 20 21 27 29 19 30 32 34 24 37 38 22 39 44 33 46 54 49 51 Continued.

Constructing a Frequency Distribution Example continued: 1. The number of classes (5) is stated in the problem. 2. The minimum data entry is 18 and maximum entry is 54, so the range is 36. Divide the range by the number of classes to find the class width. 36 5 Class width = = 7.2 Round up to 8. Continued.

Constructing a Frequency Distribution Example continued: 3. The minimum data entry of 18 may be used for the lower limit of the first class. To find the lower class limits of the remaining classes, add the width (8) to each lower limit. The lower class limits are 18, 26, 34, 42, and 50. The upper class limits are 25, 33, 41, 49, and 57. 4. Make a tally mark for each data entry in the appropriate class. 5. The number of tally marks for a class is the frequency for that class. Continued.

Constructing a Frequency Distribution Example continued: Number of students Ages Ages of Students Tally Frequency, f Class 18 – 25 13 26 – 33 8 34 – 41 4 42 – 49 3 Check that the sum equals the number in the sample. 50 – 57 2

Midpoint The midpoint of a class is the sum of the lower and upper limits of the class divided by two. The midpoint is sometimes called the class mark. (Lower class limit) + (Upper class limit) 2 Midpoint = Frequency, f Class Midpoint 4 1 – 4 2.5 Midpoint =

Midpoint Example: Find the midpoints for the “Ages of Students” frequency distribution. 50 – 57 42 – 49 34 – 41 26 – 33 2 3 4 8 13 18 – 25 Frequency, f Class Midpoint Ages of Students 18 + 25 = 43 21.5 43  2 = 21.5 29.5 37.5 45.5 53.5

Relative Frequency The relative frequency of a class is the portion or percentage of the data that falls in that class. To find the relative frequency of a class, divide the frequency f by the sample size n. Class frequency Sample size Relative frequency = Class Frequency, f Relative Frequency 1 – 4 4 0.222 Relative frequency

Relative Frequency Example: Find the relative frequencies for the “Ages of Students” frequency distribution. 50 – 57 2 3 4 8 13 42 – 49 34 – 41 26 – 33 18 – 25 Frequency, f Class Relative Frequency Portion of students 0.433 0.267 0.133 0.1 0.067

Cumulative Frequency The cumulative frequency of a class is the sum of the frequency for that class and all the previous classes. 50 – 57 2 3 4 8 13 42 – 49 34 – 41 26 – 33 18 – 25 Frequency, f Class Cumulative Frequency Ages of Students 13 + 21 + 25 + 28 Total number of students + 30

Frequency Histogram A frequency histogram is a bar graph that represents the frequency distribution of a data set. The horizontal scale is quantitative and measures the data values. The vertical scale measures the frequencies of the classes. Consecutive bars must touch. Class boundaries are the numbers that separate the classes without forming gaps between them. The horizontal scale of a histogram can be marked with either the class boundaries or the midpoints.

Class Boundaries Example: Find the class boundaries for the “Ages of Students” frequency distribution. Class Boundaries 50 – 57 2 3 4 8 13 42 – 49 34 – 41 26 – 33 18 – 25 Frequency, f Class Ages of Students The distance from the upper limit of the first class to the lower limit of the second class is 1. 17.5  25.5 25.5  33.5 33.5  41.5 41.5  49.5 Half this distance is 0.5. 49.5  57.5

Frequency Histogram f Example: Draw a frequency histogram for the “Ages of Students” frequency distribution. Use the class boundaries. Ages of Students 10 8 6 4 2 Age (in years) f 12 14 17.5 25.5 33.5 41.5 49.5 57.5 13 8 4 3 2 Broken axis

Relative Frequency Histogram A relative frequency histogram has the same shape and the same horizontal scale as the corresponding frequency histogram. 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.5 Ages of Students Age (in years) Relative frequency (portion of students) 17.5 25.5 33.5 41.5 49.5 57.5 0.433 0.267 0.133 0.1 0.067

Frequency Polygon A frequency polygon is a line graph that emphasizes the continuous change in frequencies. Broken axis Ages of Students 10 8 6 4 2 Age (in years) f 12 14 13.5 21.5 29.5 37.5 45.5 53.5 61.5 Line is extended to the x-axis. Midpoints

Cumulative Frequency Graph A cumulative frequency graph or ogive, is a line graph that displays the cumulative frequency of each class at its upper class boundary. 17.5 Age (in years) Ages of Students 24 18 12 6 30 Cumulative frequency (portion of students) 25.5 33.5 41.5 49.5 57.5 The graph ends at the upper boundary of the last class.