Brief Response What were some successes of the Civil Rights Movement and how did they fare? Civil Rights Act of 1964 made laws that discriminated or segregated citizens illegal Voting Rights Act of 1965 Made illegal any state efforts to hinder any citizen from voting Most are still in effect except for preclearance

Challenges and Changes in the Movement 717

Today’s goal Not all civil rights activists saw eye to eye. Black nationalism created a violent period in the fight for civil rights.

Vocabulary De facto segregation Racist separation of races that happens because of custom and/or practice (thinking). Common in the rest of the US other than the South. Harder to change because it is in people’s minds and attitudes. “White Flight”: Whites would move from neighborhoods that Blacks, and later, Latinos and other ethnicities moved into.

De jure segregation Legal separation of races. Common practice in the South. Easier to change by overruling laws.

Malcolm X African American leader who urged Blacks to take control of their communities, livelihoods, and culture.

Nation of Islam An African American group based on Islam and Black nationalism. AKA “Black Muslims”. Founded by Elijah Muhammad. Today led by Louis Farrakhan

Stokely Charmichael SNCC member who broke off from Dr. King’s movement to form a more militant civil rights effort. Began the “Black Power” movement. Now known as Kwame Ture.

Black Power As defined by Carmichael, “a call for Black people to begin to define their own goals…[and] to lead their own organizations” Urged Black members to stop recruiting Whites. Work on reform themselves. Develop African American pride.

polarization Separation into strongly opposing groups. Blacks and Whites were polarized socially and politically. Blacks and Blacks were polarized over how to achieve social equality.

Black Panthers Radical Black militant party started in Oakland, CA, in 1966. Spread to other cities Led by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. To fight police brutality in the “ghetto”. To promote: Black self-sufficiency Full employment Decent housing Exemption from military service Reacting to the unfair number of Blacks drafted and going to Vietnam. Connected movement to Mao Zedong, of Communist China. Had run-ins and shoot outs with the FBI and local police. Established local daycare center, free breakfast programs, free medical clinics, homeless assistance in the ghettos.

Kerner Commission Appointed by President Johnson to report on urban violence. 1968, 200,000-word report: “Our nation is moving toward two societies, one Black, one White—separate and unequal.” Called for: Job creation New housing Ending of de facto segregation End “ghetto” environments White opposition in Congress and the general public stopped any such reforms dead in their tracks.

Civil Rights Act of 1968 Outlawed discrimination in housing. Affluent African Americans could not get government help if they were blocked from living in any community of their choice.

quota A requirement that a certain number be met to accomplish a goal. Affirmative Action required a specified number of positions in a school or business are to be filled by minorities (including women).

Affirmative action US government policy (and later policy of many states) making special efforts to hire or enroll groups that had suffered historically from discrimination. Colleges and companies receiving federal funding/contracts had to adopt quotas allowing a percentage of minorities and women to enroll or be employed. Existed until challenged in the Supreme Court in the 1980s. Unconstitutional as it was deemed “reverse discrimination” against Whites. It has been adapted so some of its protection of minorities continues today.

End hwk Begin class work

p. 718, comparing Both northern and southern Blacks experienced poverty and inferior schools Their civil rights demands were met with White anger and violence and police brutality.

p. 719, analyzing causes De facto segregation Police brutality and social profiling Rundown communities and schools High unemployment Watts Riots. EC: What does the newsreel say was the cause? They call it senseless as if there was no justifiable cause. EC: Why would the media do that? (your opinion?) The real cause: everything mentioned above + an irritated and physical family squabble over intoxication in front of police which led police to use violence, which attracted angry local crowds which began attacking police….. (it was the treatment by police + years of such treatment.

Rioting Watts Riots. Video 1 (do in class) What does the newsreel say was the cause? They call it senseless as if there was no justifiable cause. Why would the media do that? (your informed opinion?) To put the blame on the neighborhood people only, to minimalize the issues causing the larger social problem. The real cause: everything mentioned above + an irritated and physical family squabble over intoxication in front of police which led police to use violence, which attracted angry local crowds which began attacking police….. (it was the treatment by police + years of such treatment.

p. 719, synthesizing He blamed Black poverty and social inferiority on Whites. He advocated armed resistance to White oppression.

p. 720, analyzing motives SCLC leaders worried that calls for Black Power would provoke Black violence and alienate Whites.

p. 721, making inferences Americans feared the Black Panther’s rhetoric (language used in their speeches) and their involvement in violence Some low-income African Americans benefited from their community programs.

p. 722, evaluating End of legalized segregation Constitutional and legal protection of civil rights and voting rights Increased pride in racial identity More African American voters, elected officials, and high school and college graduates They secured, through the civil rights movement, a change in national opinion Federal intervention and passage of laws like the Voting Right Act of 1965.

p. 723, Interpreting graphs 1. It improved because a smaller percentage were living in poverty 2. The percentage of Whites was nearly two times greater.

p. 722, 3, analyzing issues Malcolm X, Black Panthers, and others’ philosophy of violent protests African Americans’ reaction to the assassination of civil rights leaders Backlash against White racist acts Poor living and working conditions (especially in urban ghettos) Difficulty in eradicating de facto segregation in the North

p. 722, 4, comparing and contrasting King Malcolm Both preached racial equality Effective because his demonstrations caused civil rights legislation to be passed Preached Black separatism and armed self-defense Effective because he urged African Americans to fight back. Both wanted civil rights and greater opportunities

Malcolm X videos 2-6 An effective speaker, Malcolm spoke of Blacks….. defending themselves “by any means necessary”. “if you think we are here to tell you to love the white man, you have come to the wrong place” vid 2 His early belief was that integration was NOT good for Blacks. He was a convict self-taught himself in prison and converted to Islam, becoming a spokes man for the Nation of Islam. One of many who dropped his “slave” name (Little). Vid 3 Thanks to press coverage….. Whites feared his message to Blacks to arm and protect themselves vid 4 Criticism of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King as an “Uncle Tom” vid 5 (Black selling out to Whites and working against his own people) Some Nation of Islam members resented his thinking when he became disillusioned with corruption surrounding Elijah Muhammad. Vid 6 Before he was assassinated, he changed his views of Islam and on integration.

Brief Response How did some elements of the civil rights movement break off and change tactics to achieve their goals? Black nationalism Black power Increase in militancy