Mini Quiz 1. Behaviorists believe that all of the important causes of behavior can be found in an individual's a. unconscious mind. b. conscious mind. c. personality traits. d. environment.
Mini Quiz 2. Behaviorism has its philosophical roots in a. associationism. b. empiricism. c. hedonism. d. all of the above
Mini Quiz 3. It has been suggested that chronic anxiety is the result of a. pairing a primary reinforcer with a punisher. b. the law of effect. c. repeated exposure to stimuli that are unpredictable and random. d. second-order conditioning and stimulus generalization.
Mini Quiz 4. When the presentation of a fingernails and a chalk board is frequently preceded by the an irritating sound, this will likely make one a. salivate. b. flinch at the sight of fingernails and a chalk board. c. show no response to fingernails and a chalk board. d. start to enjoy irritating noises.
Mini Quiz 5. Test 2 was ____ than test 1. a. easier. b. harder. c. about the same.
Types of Learning 1) Habituation 2) Classical Conditioning 3) Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning Edward Thorndike
Gradually it escapes quicker A specific response become “strengthened” by being paired with a pleasant outcome
Law of Effect "Of several responses made to the same situation those which are accompanied or closely followed by satisfaction to the animal will, other things being equal, be more firmly connected with the situation, so that, when it recurs, they will be more likely to recur; those which are accompanied or closely followed by discomfort to the animal will, other things being equal, have their connections to the situation weakened, so that, when it recurs, they will be less likely to occur. Note: It is missing information about the internal state of the animal Thorndike used hungry cats and rats!
Clark Hull
Needs Behavior is not just a function of the environment but also. . . Properties of the organism
All animals have certain needs (food) Creates drives (drive for food) Reducing drive (by eating) reinforces the behavior (eating)
Learning Both Hull and Thorndike felt their learning was the same as Pavlov’s classical conditioning
Hot and Cold Game
Skinner
B. F. Skinner Noted differences between the types of learning. How is classical conditioning different then either Thorndike’s or Hull’s theories?
Operant Conditioning Classical = animal does nothing to its environment. Operant = The animal alters its environment.
Reinforcement Theory Operant Conditioning Behavior Reward Used to control behavior Behavior Reward Behaviors that are rewarded are more likely to be performed in the future
Reinforcement Theory Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement Theory Operant Conditioning
Skinner Box
Skinner Box
Skinner Box
Skinner Box Sniffy Program
Operant Conditioning Superstitious behavior Shaping behavior Baseball players Shaping behavior Getting him to open the car door Skinner legend
Group Activity Identify one behavior in yourself that you would like to change Determine a system of rewards and punishments that you could use to change this behavior Do you think this would work?
Did Skinner really raise his daughter in a Skinner Box? Picture from Ladies' Home Journal: "Baby in a Box.”
Question Why are you going to college? What are you dating someone? Why are you listening to this lecture? You do all of these things because of a long history of rewards and punishments!
Classical vs. Operant Conditioning “Reactions” to the world Emotions Traits: anxiousness, neuroticism, depression Operant “Actions” toward the world Behaviors Traits: Extraversion, argumentativeness, kindness
Behaviorism Pros Cons Controlling behavior Focus on the observable Mental life Motivation Thought Cognition