Barbara R. Migeon, Catherine H. Lee, Ashis K

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Imprinting-Mutation Mechanisms in Prader-Willi Syndrome

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Species Differences in TSIX/Tsix Reveal the Roles of These Genes in X-Chromosome Inactivation Barbara R. Migeon, Catherine H. Lee, Ashis K. Chowdhury, Heather Carpenter The American Journal of Human Genetics Volume 71, Issue 2, Pages 286-293 (August 2002) DOI: 10.1086/341605 Copyright © 2002 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Partial maps of (a) human and (b) mouse XIC regions, comparing locations of XIST and TSIX transcripts and of CpG islands. Blackened boxes indicate XIST exons; unblackened boxes indicate CpG islands; and arrows show the transcripts and the direction of transcription. a, Human XIC. The relevant 18–80 kb of the U80460 DNA sequence (GenBank) is shown. h, m, and u are primer sets, and the gray-shaded boxes indicate the FISH probes. b, Mouse XIC. The relevant 60 kb is shown. The American Journal of Human Genetics 2002 71, 286-293DOI: (10.1086/341605) Copyright © 2002 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Simultaneous hybridization, in situ, of XIST- and TSIX-specific probes to nuclear RNA. In panels a, b, and d, the probes are XIST exon 1 (red) and TSIX-70 (green); overlapping signals (yellow) are seen in merged images. a, TSIX and XIST coexpressed in mouse ES-10 cells carrying the human transgene (row ES-10), human HED cells (row LVEC), and 46,XX adult human female fibroblasts (row CC). b, Persistence of TSIX transcripts in human female cells from fetus, placenta, and neonate: 5–6 wk gestation (row ET-2), 6.5–8 wk gestation (row Fe18), 2 mo after birth (row TW-2), and full-term placenta, 47,XXX (row PG). c, TSIX expressed from the inactive X chromosome. Sequential TSIX RNA/XIST DNA hybridization showing three XIST alleles (red) but only two TSIX RNA signals (green) in PG (47,XXX) placenta. The arrow indicates the active X chromosome lacking the TSIX signal. d, TSIX expressed from the human inactive X chromosome, of either parental origin, in hydatidiform mole (K1248, with inactive paternal X chromosome) and in clones 1 and 2, from specimen TW-2, that have either the maternal X chromosome (Ximat) or the paternal X chromosome (Xipat) as the inactive X chromosome, respectively. The American Journal of Human Genetics 2002 71, 286-293DOI: (10.1086/341605) Copyright © 2002 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Results of RT-PCR analysis, showing persistence of TSIX expression in human female cells of fetal and placental lineages: strand-specific priming of cDNA and amplification with primer set h, for XIST exon 5 (136-bp product) in the presence (+) or absence (−) of reverse transcriptase (RT). Top, Antisense (TSIX). Bottom, Sense (XIST). Specimens are from an adult male (lane 1), an adult female (lanes 2 and 3), mouse ES-10 cells with the transgene (lanes 4 and 5), a female HED cell, LVEC (lanes 6 and 7), placentas CV2 (lanes 8 and 9) and CV5 (lanes 10 and 11), and fetal fibroblasts at 12 wk (lanes 12 and 13) and at 18 wk (lane 14). Extra bands for ES-10 are of mouse origin. The American Journal of Human Genetics 2002 71, 286-293DOI: (10.1086/341605) Copyright © 2002 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions