Figure 1 Brain–gut axis Brain–gut axis. Schematic of the brain–gut axis, including inputs from the gut microbiota, the ENS, the immune system and the external.

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Figure 1 Brain–gut axis Brain–gut axis. Schematic of the brain–gut axis, including inputs from the gut microbiota, the ENS, the immune system and the external environment. The model includes both peripheral and central components, which are in bidirectional interactions. Bottom-up influences are shown on the right side, top-down influences on the left side of the graph. Abbreviations: ENS, enteric nervous system; HPA, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell; SNS, sympathetic nervous system. Modified with permission from Nature Publishing Group © Irwin, M.R. & Cole, S.W. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 11, 625–632 (2011).103 Modified with permission from Nature Publishing Group © Irwin, M.R. & Cole, S.W. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 11, 625–632 (2011)103 Mayer, E. A. et al. (2015) Towards a systems view of IBS Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2015.121