Motivation and Emotion Chapter 11

What is Motivation Components Motive – stimulus that moves a person toward a behavior Need – lack of something that one desires Drive – force that pushes a person to act Incentive – force that pulls a person toward a behavior Emotions – states of body and mind associated with feelings

Primary and Secondary Needs Primary – needs for basic requirements of life Food, shelter, oxygen, warmth Secondary – psychological needs money, praise, sense of achievement

Homeostasis Motivates Behavior Need to control physiological functions Breathing, body temperature Need to keep emotional states within acceptable limits Lotto winner

Theories of Motivation The Instinct Theory Human are driven by instincts Safety, socialization Problems Did not explain risky behaviors

The Drive Reduction Theory Drive cause unpleasantness Organism does whatever is necessary to reduce unpleasant feeling Problems People sometimes act counter to what drive-reduction might suggest Hunger strike

The Arousal Theory Stimulation is a primary need How much stimulation a person needs varies individual to individual

Humanistic Theory People need to do something important with their lives Hierarchy of needs Physiological – food, water, shelter Safety and security – protection and stability Social needs – love, belonging, acceptance Ego, status, self esteem needs – recognition, self-respect, knowledge, achievement Self-actualization – fulfilling one’s potential

Cognitive Theories of Motivation Social-Cognitive Theory Person compares a mental model of a goal to their current situation Difference provides the motivation Cognitive Consistency Theory Balance between thoughts, beliefs and behaviors Imbalance creates cognitive dissonance Make excusses Change behavior Not think about behavior

Physiological Motivation Hunger Drive External factors Stress, eating habits, food-related cues, presence of eating cues Internal factors Hypothalamus, Basal metabolic rate, body set point, taste sensation Sexual Drive Need to ensure survival of the species Also associated with higher needs – belonging, self-esteem

Psychological Motivation Achievement motivation Influenced by parents or caregivers Demonstrating value of accomplishment, providing opportunity

Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation Money, recognition, avoidance of punishment Intrinsic Sense of accomplishment for completing a task, self-satisfaction Self-improvement More likely to continue toward a goal

Cultural Factors in Motivation Religion Social taboos Do you think cultural factors or biological needs would win out?

Emotion States of the body and mind associated with feelings Have behavioral, physiological and cognitive components 8 basic emotions Joy Fear Anger Sorrow Love Surprise Disgust Anticipation

Theories of Emotion James-Lange Theory Cannon-Bard Theory Experience stimulus, body produces a physiological response, we experience an emotion Cannon-Bard Theory External stimulus process by the brain, produces physiological response and emotion simultaneously

Schacter and Singer’s Two-Factor Theory Body responds to the stimulus, brain appraises situation and response, appraisal decides emotion Solomon’s Opponent-Process Theory Homeostasis is important to emotions. When one emotion is experienced, the opposite is experiences to bring back balance

Expression and Emotion Facial cues provide the most information with regards to emotions Can be read across cultural borders Expressions appear to be universal

Social Stereotypes and Emotion Which gender is more emotional? Which is more empathetic? Which is more willing to share feelings?