Control Controlling is determining what is being accomplished, that is , evaluating the performance and , if necessary , applying corrective measures so that the performance takes place according to plans. It means control is the process that measures current performances and guides them towards some predetermined objectives.
Features of Control Control is a positive force Control is a continuous process Control is forward looking Control process is universal Control process is dynamic Control is based on planning
Importance of control Achievement of goals Execution and revision of plans Brings order and discipline Facilitates decentralization of authority Promotes coordination Cope with uncertainty and change
Steps of control Corrective Feedback Measurement of Actual performance Establishment Of standards Comparison of Actual performance With the standards Corrective Action where required Feedback
Steps of control (cont.) Establishment of standards:- a) Quantitative standard:- Time standard Cost standard Productivity standard Revenue standards
Steps of control (cont.) b) Qualitative standard c) How to set the standards :- a) Before setting the standard , an executive must study the characteristics of the work. b) Executives must consider ordinarily flexible and generally acceptable levels of good performance in terms of work characteristics c) As the nature of work differs with every operation, the characteristics are different and so are the standards. d) Standards are set, thus, depending on the characteristics of the task.
Steps of control (cont.) Measurement of actual performance:- 1) what to measure 2) How to measure 3) How to solve the problem of measurement in less technical and qualitative job? 4) The techniques of measurement:- a) Personal observation b) Sampling c) Managerial accounting and computer science
Steps of control (cont.) 5)When to measure:- Comparison of actual performance with standards. Taking corrective action. Standards Adjustment Measurement Feedback Performance
Types of control Feed forward or Predictive control Concurrent control Feedback control
Types of control (cont.) Feed forward Control prevents anticipated problems most desirable type of control requires timely and accurate information that often is difficult to get Concurrent Control takes place while activity is in progress corrects problem before it becomes too costly best-known form is direct supervision
Types of control (cont.) Feedback control :- -- takes place after the activity is done -- problems may already have caused damage or waste ---- the most popular type of control feedback may be only viable form of control available feedback has two advantages:- provides meaningful information on the effectiveness of planning can enhance employee motivation
Types Of Control Input Output Processes Anticipates problems Feedforward Control Corrects problems as they happen Concurrent Control Corrects problems after they occur Feedback Control
Principles or Guidelines for developing an effective control system Controls should be based on objective and plans Controls must be understandable Controls must be flexible Controls must be economical Controls must be timely Controls must be objective
Principles or Guidelines for developing an effective control system (cont.) Controls should be forward looking Controls should be selective Controls should aim at corrective action Controls should reflect the organization structure and needs