Quick Quiz Name the 4 types of practice (1) Identify the 4 practice methods (1) Describe each of the types and methods of practice, giving an example of when they would best be used (8)

Psychological factors affecting performance 3 Psychological factors affecting performance Skill acquisition Transfer of skills

Learning Objectives Learning Objective: Understand how skills can be transferred Learning Outcomes: All: Describe the types of transfer Most: Explain how to optimise the effect of positive transfer and limit effect of transfer Some: Apply the types of transfer to a variety of situations

Key Terms Positive transfer - The transfer of effects from the learning of one skill that facilitate the subsequent learning of another. Negative transfer - he transfer of effects from the learning of one skill which hinder the learning of another. Proactive transfer - A skill learnt in the past affects a skill currently being learnt or to be learnt in the future Retroactive transfer - Learning a new skill affects a previously learned skill. Bilateral transfer - Where the learning of one skill is transferred from one limb to the other e.g. a footballer learning to pass with their left foot when they have previously learned this skill with their right foot.

Key Terms Positive transfer Negative transfer Proactive transfer Retroactive transfer Bilateral transfer

Positive transfer This usually occurs when the two skills in question are similar in some way. Having already mastered one of the skills, makes learning the second skill easier. Coaches can aid this positive transfer by making sure the individual understands the similarities between the two skills and by making sure that the basics of the first skill are well learnt so that they transfer more easily into the second skill. An example of this is a tennis player using their knowledge of a serve to help them learn the overarm serve in volleyball.

Negative transfer This occurs when having learnt one skill, makes learning the second skill more difficult. This more often happens when a stimulus common to both skills requires a different response. For example, a squash player who takes up tennis may find it difficult to learn to not use their wrist during shots. Negative transfer can be avoided by making sure the athlete is aware of the differences and making practice sessions similar to match situations to ensure a larger, generalised motor programme. Transfer of skills can work both ways, in that a skill currently being learnt may affect a skill previously learnt, or a skill learnt in the past may affect a skill currently being learnt:

Proactive transfer A skill learnt in the past affects a skill currently being learnt or to be learnt in the future

Learning a new skill affects a previously learned skill. Retroactive transfer Learning a new skill affects a previously learned skill.

Bilateral transfer Where the learning of one skill is transferred from one limb to the other e.g. a footballer learning to pass with their left foot when they have previously learned this skill with their right foot.

Exam Questions May 2015 qu2e (10) Jan 2013 qu2d (6)   Jan 2013 qu2d (6) Describe the different types of transfer and critically evaluate their impact on the learning of movement skills. Describe the five different types of transfer that can occur when learning movement skills. Give one way in which transfer of learning positively affects the development of schema.