Gender disparities in child development in the east Asia-Pacific region: a cross- sectional, population-based, multicountry observational study Dr Ann.

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Gender disparities in child development in the east Asia-Pacific region: a cross- sectional, population-based, multicountry observational study Dr Ann Weber, PhD, Prof Gary L Darmstadt, MD, Prof Nirmala Rao, PhD The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health Volume 1, Issue 3, Pages 213-224 (November 2017) DOI: 10.1016/S2352-4642(17)30073-1 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Framework of two mediating pathways through which gender might be associated with early child development Demographic variables (top orange box) for age, family socioeconomic status, and country and location (urban vs rural) of residence are possible moderators or confounding factors associated with gender differences in child development. The health and nutrition pathway (red boxes) includes parental investment in health-care practices (eg, taking the child to receive routine immunisations) and the child's health and nutritional status (eg, their height-for-age). The early education and habit formation pathway (green boxes) includes parental investment in the child's education (eg, any preschool attendance) and the child's ability to learn and practise new habits (eg, the extent to which the child practises healthy and hygienic habits). The framework indicates a temporal ordering of events, although we cannot know with certainty the direction of associations at a specific point in time. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health 2017 1, 213-224DOI: (10.1016/S2352-4642(17)30073-1) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Gender differences in mean composite scores at the country level Gender differences in mean composite scores (ie, score in girls minus the score in boys) as a function of the human sex ratio at birth (A), Gender Development Index (B), Gender Inequality Index (C), and Gender Parity Index in primary school enrolment (D). We estimated missing Gender Development Index scores for Papua New Guinea and Gender Inequality Index scores for Timor-Leste and Vanuatu from non-missing indices for countries nearest in the Human Development Index ranking. Marginal mean differences were obtained after adjusting for child age, parental socioeconomic status, household wealth, and residential location (urban vs rural). Error bars represent 95% CIs. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health 2017 1, 213-224DOI: (10.1016/S2352-4642(17)30073-1) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Gender differences in mean composite scores for each country stratified by household wealth and parental socioeconomic status Gender differences in mean composite scores (ie, score in girls minus the score in boys), according to household wealth quartile and parental socioeconomic status quartile. We obtained marginal mean differences after adjusting for child age, parental socioeconomic status, household wealth, and residential location (urban vs rural). Error bars are 95% CIs. Q=quartile. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health 2017 1, 213-224DOI: (10.1016/S2352-4642(17)30073-1) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions