http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/chloroplasts.html ENERGY & LIFE http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG

Remember from BIO 1 AUTOTROPHS http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm Remember from BIO 1 AUTOTROPHS _____________ can make their own food using energy from sunlight. Ex: Green plants, a few kinds of bacteria HETEROTROPHS ______________ get energy by consuming other organisms Ex: Animals, fungi, most bacteria http://www.seorf.ohiou.edu/~tstork/compass.rose/photosynthesis/chloro_sun_bathing.gif http://www.epa.gov/region5/superfund/ecology/images/fishcartoon.gif

EVERYTHING is connected! SUNLIGHT _________ is the ultimate source of energy for everything on planet! http://staff.tuhsd.k12.az.us/gfoster/standard/bcycles.htm http://www.angelfire.com/ga4/wavincatlyn/homepage/lking.html

WHAT DO CELLS USE ENERGY FOR ? Remember from BIO 1 WHAT DO CELLS USE ENERGY FOR ? ACTIVE TRANSPORT Na + - K+ pump Proton pump Endocytosis Exocytosis http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm http://www.lionden.com/cell_animations.htm http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/cell-movement.html :

WHAT DO CELLS USE ENERGY FOR ? Movement Meiosis: http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/anm/ Cilia: http://www.sk.lung.ca/content.cfm?edit_realword=hwbreathe http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/notes/API%20Notes%20H%20Skeletal%20Thoraciac%20Cage.htm http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Kinesin_walking.gif

WHAT DO CELLS USE ENERGY FOR ? Chemical reactions Synthesis of biomolecules Replication: http://www.beyondbooks.com/lif71/4c.asp Transcription:http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/mRNA.gif Translation:

WHAT DO CELLS USE ENERGY FOR ? GROWTH and REPAIR http://www.mcwdn.org/Plants/Seeds.html http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG

ATP Remember from BIO 1 ONE SPECIAL KIND of NUCLEOTIDE http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm Remember from BIO 1 ONE SPECIAL KIND of NUCLEOTIDE is used by cells to store and transport ENERGY ATP Image by: Riedell

CELLS USE ATP TO STORE and RELEASE ENERGY 3 ____ PHOSPHATE GROUPS Adenosine triphosphate ATP = __________________________

ATP can change into ADP Adenosine diphosphate 2 ____ PHOSPHATE GROUPS

ATP releases energy stored in a high energy http://www.cat.cc.md.us/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/adpan.html ATP releases energy stored in a high energy chemical bond by removing the phosphate and becoming ADP ATP → ___ + __ + ADP

Cells ________ energy by adding the phosphate back on to ADP to make ATP. STORE The energy to do this comes from ____________ like _____________ FOODS GLUCOSE It’s like recharging the battery ! ATP ADP + ___ + ________ → ___

ATP is useful BUT . . . http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html ATP is great for TRANSFERRING ENERGY, but _____ good for storing ________ amounts of energy for the ______________. A single molecule of GLUCOSE stores more than _________the chemical energy. Cells only keep enough ATP around to last a few seconds and recharge it by burning___________. NOT LARGE LONG TERM 90 times glucose

http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm Remember from BIO 1 CARBOHYDRATES contain Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen (with a ratio of 1 C: 2 H: 1 O) Example: GLUCOSE C6H12O6 Image from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html

Important MONOSACCHARIDES glyceraldehyde C5H10O5 C3H6O3 C6H12O6 2 1 ALL HAVE __C: __ H: __ O ratio 1 http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D-glyceraldehyde-2D-Fischer.png

CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY Remember from BIO 1 CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY Cells burn GLUCOSE for their energy needs Images from: http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html

CARBOHYDRATES are building blocks for other molecules ATP DNA & RNA POLYSACCHARIDES http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html ATP by Riedell http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biochemistry_notes_bi_ch3.htm

Molecules made by joining MANY sugar molecules together are called ___________________ POLYSACCHARIDES EXAMPLES: Image from: http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif

Remember from BIO 1 Section 2-3 Starch Glucose

_________ cells store GLUCOSE to use later. CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY GLYCOGEN is the way _________ cells store GLUCOSE to use later. ANIMAL Image from: http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/graphics/campbell_5.6.gif

store GLUCOSE for later. CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY STARCH is the way _______ cells store GLUCOSE for later. PLANT Images from: http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif http://oregonstate.edu/instruction/bb450/stryer/ch21/Slide24.jpg

REACTIONS of PHOTOSYNTHESIS 8-2 http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/chloroplasts.html REACTIONS of PHOTOSYNTHESIS 8-2 http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG

REMEMBER BIO 1 http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm

Atoms/ions important for living things ____________ Carbon - C Oxygen - O Hydrogen - H Nitrogen - N Sulfur - S Phosphorus - P

ATOMS CAN JOIN TOGETHER TO MAKE MOLECULES Ex: Joining 2 HYDROGEN atoms with 1 OXYGEN atom makes ________ WATER A chemical formula tells what kind of molecules and how many are in a molecule EX: ________ H2O Image by: Riedell

________________ = kind of chemical reaction in which molecules are produced by joining smaller molecules together 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H20 SYNTHESIS Hydrogen molecule oxygen molecule 2 water molecules

An chemical equation tells what happens in a chemical reaction when molecules interact. NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H20 ______________ _______________ Molecules that react Molecules that are produced → reactants products http://www.epa.gov/region5/superfund/ecology/images/fishcartoon.gif

Chemical reactions need help to get started EX: A fire needs a match to get it started. IT’S LIKE PUSHING A SNOWBALL UP A HILL . . . Once you get it up there, it can roll down by itself http://www.chuckwagondiner.com/art/matches.jpg http://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/comm/g5/Fire_Animation.gif

http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/saunders/courses/online/SBI3C/Cells/Protein-Structure03.jpg In living systems ___________ called __________ help chemical reactions happen. PROTEINS ENZYMES SEE ANIMATION of AMYLASE Image from: http://www.hillstrath.on.ca/moffatt/bio3a/digestive/enzanim.htm

PROTEINS ACT AS ENZYMES ENZYMES fit together with _____________ (reactants) like a lock and key to form an ____________________________. SUBSTRATES ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX PRODUCTS __________are released and enzyme is free to help again http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/enzyme_.gif

-ASE Many enzyme NAMES end in _____ and the beginning of the name tells what it does DNA Polymerase= “polymerizes” joins monomers to make DNA Protease= breaks down proteins ATP synthase= synthesizes ATP

Research into PHOTOSYNTHESIS began centuries ago with this simple question: When a tiny seed grows into a huge plant, where does all the “new plant” come from? http://www.nofretete-page.de/gemischtNeu/TN_plant_grow_w.JPG

THE BIG PICTURE → These experiments led to work by later scientists who finally discovered that in the presence of light, plants transform CO2 and water into carbohydrates and release oxygen. Carbon dioxide WATER Sugars Oxygen _____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________ 6 CO2 6 H2O → C6H12O6 6 O2 _____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________

chlorophyll light energy In addition to water and carbon dioxide, __________________ and are needed for photosynthesis to happen. http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255phts/255phts.htm chlorophyll light energy

Photosynthesis consumed ____________________ involves a complex series of chemical reactions, in which the product of one reaction is _____________ by the next reaction. consumed Product Y Reaction 1 → Product → X Reaction 2 → A series of reactions linked in this way is referred to as a __________________________ biochemical pathway

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light-Dependent Reaction oxygen Light & Water ATP NADPH (CH2O)n Carbon Dioxide Light-Independent Reactions Calvin Cycle

PHOTOSYNTHESIS: Reactants & Products LIGHT ENERGY 6CO2 + 6H2O SUGAR + 6O2

http://son.nasa.gov/tass/images/cont_emspec2.jpg http://www.ology.amnh.org/einstein/lightmatterenergy/light.html

colors Visible light is made up of many different _______________of light Your eyes “see” different sizes of waves as different ___________ wavelengths colors http://www.simontucket.com/_Portfolio/PortLarge/L_Il_Prism.jpg

Myth: Many people think that plants are green because they absorb and use green light in photosynthesis, BUT . . . . Image from: http://oogletutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/photoshop-lesson-green-leaf-design26.gif

BUT… We “see” reflected light Light wavelengths that are ___________ off of objects bounce back to our eyes . That is the ___________ we “see” REFLECTED COLOR Image modified from: http://www.visibledreams.net/Web/color/color_3.html

absorbs ALL except BLUE reflected This book “looks BLUE” because the dye in this cover _______________ of the wavelengths of light _________ blue. _______ light is ____________ to your eyes and it looks BLUE absorbs ALL except BLUE reflected http://www.michaelhyatt.com/fromwhereisit/bluebook.jpg

except red reflected The dye in this T shirt absorbs all of the colors __________________________ Red wavelengths are _________________ to your eyes and the shirt looks RED except red reflected GO CATS! http://jacksbear.com/shop/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=9

absorbs ALL ENERGY Objects “look BLACK” because black dye ________________ of the wavelengths of light. When wavelengths are absorbed so is the_____________ of the wave. That is why wearing a black T-shirt in the summer feels warmer than wearing a white t-shirt. absorbs ALL ENERGY http://www.eventsonline.ca/events/vowsa/black_shirt.jpg http://www.hotstuffspas.com/pools_files/sunanim.gif

The dye in white objects _____________ of the wavelengths of light. _______ energy is ABSORBED so wearing white clothing is “cooler”. REFLECTS ALL LITTLE http://www.hotstuffspas.com/pools_files/sunanim.gif http://www.12stitch.com/shop/images/options/Blank-White-Shirt.jpg

Which wavelengths of light are these Flowers REFLECTING? Purple & yellow yellow Images by: VanderWal

Which wavelengths of light do these LEAVES reflect? green So green leaves ____________ the green wavelength of light. REFLECT Image by: VanderWal

Plants gather the sun’s energy with light absorbing molecules called ___________. pigments By: VanderWal

(These look yellow, orange, and red) CHLOROPHYLL http://www.russianflora.com/store/images/product/custom_green_plant_35.jpg The main energy absorbing molecule in green plants is ___________________ _________________ are plant pigments too. (These look yellow, orange, and red) CHLOROPHYLL CAROTENOIDS http://www.rnzih.org.nz/images/gardenimages/carrots_d.jpg

GREEN leaves have BOTH chlorophyll AND carotenoids __________________ but the huge amount of chlorophyll ______ the other colors and leaves usually look green ALL THE TIME hides

In ______, chlorophyll production slows as the trees shut down and photosynthesis stops for winter. FALL http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/ecology_notes_bi.htm

carotinoid colors that are usually _______ by chlorophyll Then we can see the carotinoid colors that are usually _______ by chlorophyll HIDDEN http://www.litzsinger.org/weblog/archives/email%20AutumnTrees5%20LREC%20102605.jpg

There are two types of chlorophyll © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. There are two types of chlorophyll __________________ & ___________________ Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a absorbs the _____ & ________ wavelengths best. It absorbs very little ______ light. violet red Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a red Blue

There are two types of chlorophyll © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. There are two types of chlorophyll __________________ & ___________________ Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll b absorbs some ______light and even more _________ light. red Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a Blue-violet red

NEITHER KIND OF CHLOROPHYLL IS VERY GOOD AT ABSORBING _________ LIGHT! © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b NEITHER KIND OF CHLOROPHYLL IS VERY GOOD AT ABSORBING _________ LIGHT! Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a GREEN red

That’s why leaves LOOK GREEN….. http://www.russianflora.com/store/images/product/custom_green_plant_35.jpg That’s why leaves LOOK GREEN….. Chlorophyll doesn’t absorb…. it ___________ GREEN light! REFLECTS

That’s why plant have other pigments (like carotenoids) That’s why plant have other pigments (like carotenoids). They help _________ some wavelengths chlorophyll _______; so the plant can __________ of the sun’s energy. ABSORB DOESN’T USE MORE http://members.aol.com/diaspore/vhouse/biology/projects/photosynthesis/woida/meaning_of_light.html#question_1

SO WHAT WAVELENGTHS ARE BEST FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS? © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing asPearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b THE ONES CHLOROPHYLL ABSORBS THE BEST ________ and _______________ Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a red Blue-violet

Pearson Education Inc, Pusblishing as Pearson Prentice Hall Because light is a form of ___________, any molecule that absorbs light also ___________the energy from the light. ENERGY ABSORBS

ENERGY & ELECTRONS When chlorophyll absorbs light, the http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/uno/graphics/uno01pob/vrl/images/0160.gif When chlorophyll absorbs light, the energy is transferred to electrons in the chlorophyll molecule. HIGH ENERGY ____________ make photosynthesis work! ELECTRONS http://www.wjcc.k12.va.us/ROBB/Atom%20Animation%20Resources_files/image003.gif

REACTIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS 8-3 http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/chloroplasts.html REACTIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS 8-3 http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG

Remember from CELL BIO CHLOROPLASTS Enzymes for PHOTOSYNTHESIS are in the ________________ CHLOROPLASTS http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG

PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS IN CHLOROPLASTS THYLAKOIDS = sac-like photosynthetic = stack of thylakoids membranes inside chloroplast GRANUM (pl. grana) Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

SPACES THYLAKOID SPACE STROMA cytoplasm Gel-filled space inside chloroplast surrounding thylakoid sac Gel-filled space Inside the thylakoid sac cytoplasm Gel-filled space OUTSIDE chloroplast but inside the cell membrane http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG

PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS IN CHLOROPLASTS Proteins that are part of the thylakoid membrane organize ________________________________ into clusters called _____________________ Light absorbing PIGMENTS PHOTOSYSTEMS http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG

LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY CARRIERS Molecule that carries = _______ Molecule that carries HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS = ___________ ATP NADP+ Images by Riedell

HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS require a special carrier, too Frying pan image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS require a special carrier, too ____________ is one of the carriers that cells use to transport high energy electrons. NADP+ ________ + _____ + _____ → ____________ 2 e- H+ _______= nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light-Dependent Reaction Oxygen Light & Water ATP NADPH Light-Independent Reactions

REMEMBER CELL BIO Molecules move automatically from http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm REMEMBER CELL BIO Molecules move automatically from “where there’s A LOT” to “where there’s NOT” Animatioin from: http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/diffusion-animated.gif

http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm REMEMBER CELL BIO Diffusion happens anytime there is a difference in concentration in one place compared to another = ________________________ CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

REMEMBER CELL BIO Diffusion can happen across membranes TOO http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm REMEMBER CELL BIO Diffusion can happen across membranes TOO …as long as membrane will let molecule through

LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION Requires ______________ Molecules are part of ________________ Made up of __________________ connected by ______________________ & ___________________ Uses light energy to change ADP + P → _______ NADP+ + 2e- + H + → _________ Breaks apart ______ molecules and releases _____________ LIGHT THYLAKOID membranes PHOTOSYSTEMS II & I ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN ATP SYNTHASE ATP NADPH H20 oxygen

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light-Dependent Reaction Light & Water Oxygen ATP NADPH (CH2O)n Carbon Dioxide Light-Independent Reactions CALVIN CYCLE

PHOTOSYNTHESIS OVERVIEW Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Prentice Hall

CALVIN CYCLE ____________ require ____________ (also called _________________________) ____________ require ____________ Happens in _________ between thylakoids NADPH donates _______________ ATP donates _________________ CO2 donates ______________ to make __________ LIGHT INDEPENDENT DOES NOT LIGHT STROMA Hydrogen + electrons ENERGY Carbon & oxygen GLUCOSE http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html

Factors that Affect Photosynthesis AMOUNT OF WATER ____________________ Water is one of the raw materials needed, so A shortage of water can ________________ photosynthesis slow or stop Desert plants and conifers that live in dry conditions have a waxy coating on their leaves to prevent water loss. http://www.hononegah.org/departments/Anderson/cactus.JPG

Factors that Affect Photosynthesis TEMPERATURE Photosynthesis enzymes function best between 0° C - 35° C At temperatures above or below this range, photosynthesis will slow or stop Conifers in winter may carry out photosynthesis only occasionally http://www.sustland.umn.edu/maint/images/evergreen10.jpg

Enzymes work BEST at a certain ___ and __________. REMEMBER CELL BIO Enzymes work BEST at a certain ___ and __________. Conditions that are TOO ACIDIC or TOO HOT cause proteins to unwind or _________ pH temperature DENATURE http://www.desktopfotos.de/Downloads/melt_cd.jpg http://www.nealbrownstudio.com/adm/photo/163_nb_fried_egg.jpg

Denaturing changes the shape of the enzyme making it not work HOMEOSTASIS (keeping pH and temperature constant) is important for maintaining enzyme function. Image from:http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCHEM2.html

Factors that Affect Photosynthesis LIGHT INTENSITY ____________________ More light increases rate of photosynthesis up to a certain level until plant reaches its maximum rate of photosynthesis See effect of light experiment http://www.teachnet.ie/foneill/exper.htm http://206.173.89.42/REALTYWITHALOHA_COM/piphoto/funny%20sun%20with%20sunglasses.gif

THE BIG PICTURE sugars PHOTOSYNTHESIS provides the _____________ we breathe and the __________ heterotrophs (like us) consume to survive OXYGEN sugars Carbon dioxide Sugars WATER Oxygen _____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________

Concept Map Photosynthesis Section 8-3 includes takes place in uses take place in to produce of to produce

Concept Map Photosynthesis Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle Section 8-3 Photosynthesis includes Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle takes place in uses use take place in Thylakoid membranes Stroma NADPH ATP Energy from sunlight to produce of to produce ATP NADPH O2 Chloroplasts High-energy sugars