Integrative Biology of Exercise John A. Hawley, Mark Hargreaves, Michael J. Joyner, Juleen R. Zierath  Cell  Volume 159, Issue 4, Pages 738-749 (November 2014) DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.029 Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 The Physiological Responses to Voluntary, Dynamic Exercise Multiple organ systems are affected by exercise, initiating diverse homeostatic responses. Cell 2014 159, 738-749DOI: (10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.029) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Complex and Redundant Physiological Control Mechanisms during Voluntary, Dynamic Exercise Motor cortical drive leads to skeletal muscle contraction, as well as parallel activation (“central command”) of key neuro-endocrine responses, fuel mobilization, and support systems that increase oxygen and substrate delivery to contracting skeletal muscle. The integrated response is fine-tuned by afferent feedback, involving mechano- and chemo-sensitive type III and IV afferents in active skeletal muscle, but also by critical sensors that monitor various parameters, including mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), blood glucose concentration, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, body temperature, and blood volume. Cell 2014 159, 738-749DOI: (10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.029) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Repeated Transient Bursts in Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Precede Increases in Transcriptional and Mitochondrial Proteins in Response to Short-Term Training Subjects (n = 9) completed seven sessions of high-intensity interval training during a 2 week intervention. Skeletal muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis were obtained 4 and 24 hr after the first, third, fifth, and seventh training session. PGC-1α, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator α; CS, citrate synthase. Data are redrawn from Perry et al. (2010). Cell 2014 159, 738-749DOI: (10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.029) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Schematic of the Major Signaling Pathways Involved in the Control of Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy and Mitochondrial Biogenesis Multiple primary signals, including, but not limited to, mechanical stretch, calcium, pH, redox state, hypoxia, and muscle energy status, are altered with voluntary dynamic exercise. Following initiation of one or more of these primary signals, additional kinases/phosphatases are activated to mediate a specific exercise-induced signal. In mammalian cells, numerous signaling cascades exist. These pathways are regulated at multiple sites, with substantial crosstalk between pathways producing a highly sensitive, complex transduction network. Cell 2014 159, 738-749DOI: (10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.029) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions