Registered trademarks & tort law (passing off)

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Presentation transcript:

Registered trademarks & tort law (passing off) Jennifer Davis jsd27@cam.ac.uk

Passing Off and Unfair Competition A British bias against regulating competition Erven Warnink BV v J Townend & Sons (Hull) Ltd [1979] AC 731 (‘Advocaat’) The law is applied on a case by case basis Reckitt & Coleman Products Ltd. v Borden Inc [1990] (‘Jif Lemon’) No apparent remedy against misappropriation

The elements of passing off 1. Goodwill 2. A misrepresentation 3. Damage (or in a quia timet action, the likelihood of damage)

1. goodwill It is: ‘the attractive force that brings in custom’ (The Commissioners of Inland Revenue v Muller & Co’s Margarine [1901] AC 217) It is distinguished on the market by a distinctive sign/and or get-up It is alienable only with the underlying business It is not the same a reputation and it is local (Starbucks (HK) Ltd v BSB [2015] UKSC 31)

2. A misrepresentation Not all are actionable: it must damage the claimant’s goodwill (Phones 4U Ltd v Phone4u.co.uk [2007] RPC 5) The test for confusion is empirical. Query if it differs from the test under TMD (Marks & Spencer Plc v Interflora [2012] EWCA Civ 1501) The type of misrepresentation recognised by the courts is open ended

A misrepresentation as to quality: Spalding v Gamage [1915] 85 LJ. Ch A misrepresentation as to quality: Spalding v Gamage [1915] 85 LJ.Ch. 499HL

Supermarket lookalikes: United Biscuits v Asda Stores [1997] RPC 513

A trade connection (eg: false endorsement/ image rights A trade connection (eg: false endorsement/ image rights?): Fenty v Arcadia Group (t/a Topshop) [2015] EWC Civ 3

The extended form of passing off: Taittinger v Allbev Ltd [1992] FSR 647 (‘elderflower champagne’)

The extended form of passing off: Diageo v Intercontinental Brands Ltd [2010] EWCA Civ 920

The extended form of passing off: Chocosuisse v Cadbury [1991] RPC 826

3. Damage Lost sales Lost opportunity to expand into other fields (Lego Systems v Lego M. Lemestich Ltd. [1983] FSR 155 HC) Damage by association (Annabel’s (Berkley Square) v G. Schock (t/a Annabel’s Escort Agency [1972] RPC 261 Dilution & misappropriation? (‘Elderflower Champagne’)

Passing off and registered trade marks: overlap and divergence A greater penumbra of protection with passing off 2. Steps in if the registered trade mark is found invalid or revoked

1. A greater penumbra of protection ‘Penguin/Puffin’

‘Jif Lemon’

Preventing a registration because of prior right CTReg at8(4): Tilda v OHIM (Case T-136/14) GC 30/9/2015

Sofa Workshop Ltd v Sofaworks Ltd [2015] EWHC 1773

Ukulele Orchestra of GB v Clausen (t/a UK Ukulele Orchestra [2015] EWHC 1772

1880-2015 Passing off yesterday: Passing off today: