Carl Rogers

Carl Rogers “. . . the most wonderful miracle in the world took place. .”

Subjective Experiences Inner reality more important than objective reality Inner experiences Conscious experiences Experiences that can be verbalized or imagined Unconscious experiences Experiences that cannot be verbalized or imagined

Self-Actualizing Tendency Innate motive toward fulfillment of our potentials “Innate goodness”

So why do people do bad things? Infants perceive their experiences as reality

Uninhibited by the evaluations of others All behavior directed toward satisfying need for SA Organismic Valuing Process SA is the criterion used to make judgments of worth

Start to experience a need for positive regard As we get older. . . . Start to experience a need for positive regard Satisfying the needs for others satisfies this need

True self

Social self Created through contact with others True self

Social self Prevents us from getting into touch with our true self True self

Social self Leads to “conditions of worth” True self

So why do people do bad things? Social self hinders movement toward SA Not behaving like true self causes anxiety Anxiety causes defense mechanisms

So why do people do bad things? Psychotic

Positive Development Avoid conditions of worth Unconditional positive regard Congruence between true self and experiences

Fully Functioning Person Open to experience Characterized by existential living Trust their organisms Are creative Live rich lives

George Kelly

Activity How do you describe people Commonly use Constructs that are learned Start to see the world a different way

Every Person is a Scientist We have our own theories about human behavior We have constructs that we think are important Not as “scientific” as traditional science It is our VIEW of reality that is important Not reality itself

Construct Our constructs determine how we interpret an event Constructs are bipolar What is the other pole is also subjective Thus two people may see the same event differently

s Charlie Sincere Insincere Willy Sincere Morally degenerate

Charlie Sincere Insincere Willy Sincere Morally degenerate

If they see Veruca Salt do something that is not sincere

If they see Veruca Salt do something that is not sincere Will think she is insincere React with mild disapproval

If they see Veruca Salt do something that is not sincere Will think she is morally degenerate Will be angry and upset

Constructive Alternativism All of us are capable of changing our interpretation of events Our constructs Behavior is never determined

Assessing Constructs

Research Using Kelly’s constructs Can understand constructs person uses to see the world Can understand how a person sees self Look at the check marks (and missing check marks) How a person sees self in relation to others Who do you think you are most similar too? Are you similar to anyone? Look at number of check marks in the self column

Research Cognitive Complexity Did you use different constructs across all people? Cognitive simplicity Do not differentiate how you perceive others Cognitive complexity Highly different views of others

Research Cognitive Complexity Differentiate among many different events in the environments – should be able to make more accurate judgments

Research Cognitive Complexity Better able to anticipate school stresses Make more realistic occupational choices Better able to predict the behavior of others

Review Freud Key ideas Parts of the mind Psychic Determinism Unconscious Internal Structure Psychic Conflict Mental Energy Doctrine of Opposites Parts of the mind

Review Freud Psychosexual stages Defense mechanisms Denial Repression Reaction Formation Projection Rationalization Intellectualization Regression Sublimation

Review Freud Parapraxes Humor

Review Neo-Freudians Carl Jung Alfred Adler Archetypes Collective Unconscious Alfred Adler Feelings of inferiority Striving for superiority Importance of birth order

Review Neo-Freudians Karen Horney Erick Erikson Anxiety Coping with anxiety (types) Erick Erikson Eight stages of development

Review Existentialism Phenomenonological Humanistic Free will Awareness Meaning

Review Carl Rogers Abraham Maslow Flow George Kelly Self-Actualization True self vs. social self Conditions of wroth Unconditional positive regard Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of needs Flow George Kelly Constructs