Time-series observation with Update of Time-series observation with mooring system at K2 Makio Honda JAMSTEC No Data

Anti-biofouling: cupper shutter 19:00 - 7:00 (UTC) on time Epipelagic layer (Euphotic layer) ~ 35m ~ 150m Mesopelagic layer (Twilight zone) RAS Preservative: HgCl2 500ml X 48 BLOOMS 412, 443, 490, 555 nm Anti-biofouling: cupper shutter 19:00 - 7:00 (UTC) on time ~ 550m ~ 1000m In 2001, time-series observation for the biological pump with new mooring system was kicked off as a cooperative research of JAMSTEC, WHOI and UCSB. Because we had ups and downs including malfunctions of gears and lost of mooring system, its time-series observation was unfortunately discontinuous. Our mooring system deployed in 2005 consists of 4 sediment traps located at approximately 150, 550, 1000 and 4810 m and automatic water sampling system for measurement of nutriens, called RAS developed by WHOI team, and optical sensor package, called BLOOMS developed by Tommy Dickey and his colleagues, located at approximately 35 m in the euphotic layer. Before deployment, mercuric chloride and formaline were add into sampling bag of RAS and collecting cups of sediment traps as preservative, respectively. The BLOOMS measured 4 wavelengths between 412 nm and 555 nm each one hour during local day time. In order to avoid biofouling, sensor were covered with cupper shutter during rest period. Bathypelagic layer (Deep layer) ST 21 cups (150m) 13 cups (550, 1000, 4810m) Preservative: formalin ~ 4810m ~ 5200m

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Estimation of Chl-a(int) with Ed(555)/Ed(443)

VERTIGO PP = Chl(Int) x PAR x ψ

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Si / N

Ave. 96 mg m-2 day-1 ATE 20 ± 7% Ave. 24 mg m-2 day-1 ATE 1 ± 3% VERTIGO Ave. 96 mg m-2 day-1 ATE 20 ± 7% Ave. 24 mg m-2 day-1 ATE 1 ± 3% Ave. 36 mg m-2 day-1 ATE 8 ± 2% Ave. 145 mg m-2 day-1 ATE 68 ± 1%

Swimmer or Carbon flux ? It is noted that a lot of particles larger than 1 mm, which is clearly mesozooplankton, were collected at 150m based on my eye estimation. Dr. Kitamura of JAMSTEC, who saved lives of Mary, debie, Toru and other biologists, is conducting microscopic analysys on these fraction. Dry weight and its carbon content will be measured in future. Although these were defined as a swimmer until now and eliminated from discussion of carbon cycle, we should consider whether these can be defined as a swimmer or carbon flux in future. Eucalanus bungii Sagitta elegans

Deployment # 1 (MST: 24 Jul. - 6 Aug. , NBST 30 Jul. - 4 Aug.) (MST/NBST = 0.05) (MST/NBST = 0.05) Deployment # 2 (MST: 7 Aug. - 20 Aug. , NBST 10 Aug. - 14 Aug.) (MST/NBST = 0.49) (MST/NBST = 0.15)

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Sinking velocity and density Stokes’ law SV = 2 / 9 x r2 x g x (Dp - Ds) / v

Summary Quick export of biogenic particulate materials from surface mixed layer High export production and ratio Vertical transport without significant lateral transport Sinking velocity increased with depth. Opal is most effective ballast.