CHEMISTRY OF CARBON

Because C has only 4 valence electrons it easily bonds covalently w/4 hydrogen forming the simplest organic molecule, methane, or, natural gas. CH4

C easily bonds with itself forming single, double and triple bonds, this property results in many differently shaped molecules... shape determines physical and chemical characteristics LONG CHAINS RINGS BRANCHED CHAINS

FORMING ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES SINGLE MOLECULAR UNIT:MONOMER SMALLEST STRUCTURE THAT STILL HAS THE CHARACTERISICS OF THE MACROMOLECULE CARBOHYDRATES: MONOSACCHARIDES 1 RING SUGARS PROTEINS: 20 AMINO ACIDS LIPIDS: FATTY ACIDS NUCLEIC ACIDS: 5 NUCLEOTIDES A,T,C,G,U MONOMERS BOND TO FORM:POLYMERS POLYMERS CAN BE FORMED FROM BONDING IDENTICAL MONOMERS, OR, DIFFERENT ONES OF THE SAME KIND… FORMING ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES

ALL MONOMERS CONTAIN C-H-O, however, Phosphorus and/or Nitrogen are found in 2 of the 4 monomers… MONOSACCHARIDES C-H-O FATTY ACIDS C-H-O AMINO ACIDS C-H-O-N NUCLEOTIDES C-H-O-N-P

CARBOHYDRATE PROTEIN: Hemoglobin THE ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES ARE VERY LARGE POLYMERS… CARBOHYDRATE PROTEIN: Hemoglobin GLUCOSE GLUCOSE GLUCOSE MALTOSE STARCH

SOMETIMES, ATTACHED TO THE MACROMOLECULES, ARE GROUPS OF ATOMS THAT CAN EITHER: CHANGE THE NATURE AND FUNCTION OF THE MOLECULE HELP MONOMERS BOND TOGETHER LIKE ORGANIC BACKBONES THE TWO MOST IMPORTANT FUNCTIONAL GROUPS for biological molecules are the: PHOSPHATE( PO4) Nucleic Acids, ATP ALCOHOL (-OH), Carbohydrates FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS CHEMICAL STRUCTURAL

C O N D E S A T I THE REACTANTS OF ONE BECOME THE PRODUCTS CONDENSATION REACTIONS BUILD MACROMOLECULES AND HYDROLYSIS BREAK THEM DOWN(TO DIGEST). LIKE PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION THEY ARE CYCLIC REACTIONS… THE REACTANTS OF ONE BECOME THE PRODUCTS OF THE OTHER. Most of these types of reactions require the action of enzymes.

EXAMPLES HYDROLYSIS CONDENSATION CONDENSATION HYDROLYSIS HYDROLYSIS “BREAK WATER” CONDENSATION “MAKE WATER” CONDENSATION HYDROLYSIS HYDROLYSIS CONDENSATION

4 ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS

RINGS CARBOHYDRATES MONOMER:MONOSACCHARIDE(CH2O) SUGARS:MONO/DISACCHARIDES; -OSE STARCHES: POLYSACCHARIDES CELL WALLS:CELLULOSE CONVERTED TO MAKE ATP RINGS CARBOHYDRATES CELLULOSE

LONG CHAINS LIPIDS MONOMER: FATTY ACIDS PROTECTIVE COVERINGS:MEMBRANES STORED ENERGY:GLYCEROL(ANIMALS) HORMONES STEROIDS HYDROPHOBIC HYDROPHILIC SOLIDS LIQUIDS TRIGLYCERIDE LONG CHAINS LIPIDS PHOSPHOLIPID

BRANCHED CHAINS PROTEINS MONOMER: 20 DIFFERENT AMINO ACIDS DIPEPTIDES(2 aa’s)/POLYPEPTIDES (many aa’s) DETERMINE STRUCTURE/FUNCTION of organism MAINTAIN AND REPAIR CONTROL CHEMICAL REACTIONS:ENZYMES (-ASE) BRANCHED CHAINS PROTEINS

NUCLEIC ACIDS MONOMER: NUCLEOTIDE STORE GENETIC INFO REGULATE SYNTHESIS(making) OF PROTEINS DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID(DNA) RIBONUCLEIC ACID(RNA) NUCLEIC ACIDS

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