Cells For Review

Cells Adult human consists of 50-100 Trillion cells Basic unit of life Very diverse but have much in common Form defines function

4 Major Parts of all cells Prokaryote or Eukaryote (You, True Nucleus) Genetic material (DNA or RNA) Ribosomes Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane Cytoplasm (liquid and organelles) Cytosol (liquid)

Composite Cell

Cell Membrane

Cell Membrane pg79 Phospholipid bilayer Proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates Hydrophilic vs Hydrophobic Transport Proteins, Cell Surface Markers, Receptor Proteins, Enzymes, Cellular Adhesion Molecules (CAM) Semi-permeable/Selectively permeable Only small non polar substances diffuse freely Gases and some steroids

Cell Membrane

Organelles pg 91 Table 3.2 Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Vesicles Golgi Apparatus Mitochondria (ATP) Lysosomes Peroxisomes Centrosomes Cilia Flagella Microfilaments Microtubules Nucleus

Cell Movement pg91 Passive Transport Active Transport No ATP needed for movement of materials Diffuse from high concentration to low concentration Simply diffuse or use transport proteins Facilitated diffusion uses transport proteins Ex: Osmosis, is dependent on the concentration of solute in the solution/blood (pg 95) Hypertonic (water moves out) Hypotonic (water moves in) Isotonic (equal movement) Filtration pg 94, forced through due to pressure (can cause edema) ATP needed for movement of materials Pump/move materials from a low concentration to high concentration Endocytosis Exocytosis Transcytosis Table Summarizing Transport Properties pg 100

The Cell Cycle Cells come from pre existing cells The series of changes that a cell undergoes, from the time it forms until it divides. Interphase Nuclear Division (PMAT) Mitosis (somatic cells) Meiosis (sex cells) Cytoplasmic Division (cytokinesis)

Cell cycle

Interphase Very active period of time Cell grows and maintains its routine functions. Phases: a. S phase (synthesis) – DNA replication b. G1 phase c. G2 phase

Mitosis pg 103 Table 3.4 1 cell with 46 chromosomes (human) divides to become 2 cells with 46 chromosomes each. phases: a. Prophase b. Metaphase c. Anaphase d. Telophase

Cytokinesis Begins during Anaphase Continues through Telophase

Control of Cell Division Cell division varies among cells Controlled by both internal and external factors Surface area limits size of cell Cancer results in a loss of cell cycle control Tumor (benign vs malignant) Stem (differentiate) vs Progenitor (committed) Cell Death (Apoptosis)

Part 2 Review of Cells

Cellular Metabolism pg 114

Cellular Metabolism Sum total of chemical rxns in the cell Aided by enzymes Energy is not created or destroyed but rather changed from one form to another Cellular respiration transfers energy from molecules and makes it available for cellular use. ATP Energy in the bonds (e-)

Cellular Respiration Occurs in 3 distinct, yet interconnected, series of rxns. Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport Chain These rxns produces/use CO2, water, and energy. Most of the energy is lost as heat, but ½ is captured as ATP.*** Fig. 4.9 (pg. 121), fig. 4.11 (pg. 123)

Metabolism Very complex and contains pathways and cycles. Anabolism – larger molecules created by smaller ones, requiring energy input. Catabolism – larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones, releasing energy (output).

Anabolism Provides all the materials required for cellular growth and repair. Dehydration synthesis – many simple sugars are joined to form larger molecules. (ex) pg. 115 “pre-race meal” -called dehydration due to an –OH group being removed when monosaccharides join. **this is also how fat cells are formed.

Catabolism Hydrolysis – can decompose carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. A water molecule is used for each bond that is broken. Hydrolysis of a disaccharide gives 2 monosaccharide. **hydrolysis is the reverse of dehydration synthesis.