Chapter 27 – Early Years of the Cold War Section Notes Video Adjusting to Peace War in Korea and a New Red Scare The Nation Prospers The Impact of Television Maps Cold War Europe, 1955 The Korean War History Close-up Inside a Bomb Shelter Images Quick Facts Jackie Robinson Advertisement Linking to Today: The United Nations Primary Source: Fear of Communism The Yalta and Potsdam Conferences The Fair Deal Postwar Boom, 1945-1960 Chapter 27 Visual Summary

Adjusting to Peace The Big Idea After World War II, Americans adjusted to new challenges both at home and around the world. Main Ideas As World War II ended, leaders began planning the future of the postwar world. The United States and the Soviet Union went from being allies to enemies after World War II. Americans adjusted to postwar life.

Main Idea 1: As World War II ended, leaders began planning the future of the postwar world. Yalta Conference Leaders met to discuss Europe’s future. Roosevelt/US, Churchill/Britain, Stalin/Soviet Union Supported creation of international peacekeeping organization Agreed on free elections for countries liberated from German control Yalta Conference Soviets set up pro-soviet communist gov’t.

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Main Idea 1: As World War II ended, leaders began planning the future of the postwar world. Potsdam Conference Allied leaders (Truman/US, Attlee/Britain, Stalin/Soviet Union) divided conquered Germany into four zones. Britain, France, the United States, and the Soviet Union would each control one zone. Berlin also divided into four zones

Main Idea 1: As World War II ended, leaders began planning the future of the postwar world. War Crimes Trials The Nuremberg trials put high-ranking Nazi officials on trial. The International Military Tribunal of the Far East put Japanese officials on trial. Established that individuals must be held responsible for committing war crimes, even when acting on behalf of a government War Crimes Trials 19 Nazi leaders and 8 Japanese leaders found guilty. Most were put to death

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The United Nations In 1944, American, British, Soviet, and Chinese representatives met to draft a plan for the United Nations– an organization dedicated to resolving international conflicts. In 1945, representatives from 50 countries met to write the UN Charter. Eleanor Roosevelt was first U.S. delegate

The United Nations One of its first major actions was to divide Palestine into separate Arab and Jewish states. May 14, 1948– Jewish leaders announced the creation of nation of Israel. Arab leaders protested and invaded. Israeli forces drove Arabs back and a truce was made. Israeli joined the UN.

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Main Idea 2: The United States and the Soviet Union went from being allies to enemies after World War II. From Allies to Enemies After the war, differences arose between United States and Soviet Union. Americans committed to capitalism and democracy Soviets hoped to spread communism around the world.

Main Idea 2: The United States and the Soviet Union went from being allies to enemies after World War II. The Iron Curtain Stalin established Communist governments in Poland and Eastern Europe, cutting them off from the rest of the world. Satellite states- Under Soviet control The term iron curtain came to be used to describe this division. The phrase Cold War came to be used to describe the struggle for global power between the Soviet Union and the United States.

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U.S. Foreign Policy Goal– containment, or preventing the Soviet Union from expanding its influence around the world Greece and Turkey- Communist ready to take over Truman asked for aid to be sent to stop the Communist. Truman Doctrine- policy of providing aid to help foreign countries fight Communism

U.S. Foreign Policy George Marshall wanted European leaders to develop plans for economic recovery. U.S. will help fund Marshall Plan– Western Europe received more than $13 billion in U.S. loans and grants for European economic recovery between 1948 and 1952.

U.S. Foreign Policy North Atlantic Treaty Organization– a coalition of the United States, nine Western European countries, Canada, and Iceland. Members promised to defend each other if attacked. Soviet Union responded by creating Warsaw Pact, a military alliance with its Eastern European satellite countries.

Main Idea 3: Americans adjusted to postwar life. Worried about economic depression Government urged women to give up their jobs once veterans returned. The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, or GI Bill of Rights, offered veterans money for school, as well as loans for houses, farms, and businesses. Inflation rose as people rushed to buy products that were limited during war. Rose about 18% Economy

Main Idea 3: Americans adjusted to postwar life. More than 35 percent of non-farm workers were union members in 1946. With inflation on rise, many went on strike. For higher wages. Labor unions became a major political problem. Government worked to reduce power of labor unions. Passed the Taft-Hartley Act in 1947 that outlawed closed shops, or business that could hire only union members. 80 day cooling off period before a strike. Labor

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Civil Rights after the War African American veterans faced segregation and prejudice at home. Helped lead a major effort to gain equal rights Truman appointed Committee on Civil Rights to investigate discrimination and suggest solutions. Anti lynching laws, outlaw segregation, protect civil rights Congress failed to act on the committee’s report.

Civil Rights after the War In 1948 Truman issued an executive order to End segregation in the armed forces, and Ban discrimination in the hiring of federal employees.

Election of 1948 President Truman faced many challenges for reelection. Southern Democrats opposed his support for civil rights laws. Dixiecrats favored segregation Republicans controlled Congress and felt their candidate, New York governor Thomas Dewey, could beat Truman. Congress rejected other parts, including civil rights legislation.

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Election of 1948 Truman took his case for reelection to the American people. Traveled thousands of miles and gave hundreds of speeches Defended his views and attacked Congress In 1948 election, Truman won a surprise victory.

Election of 1948 Urged Congress to support his plan for a package of domestic programs called the Fair Deal Congress approved some parts, including higher minimum wage and expanded Social Security benefits. Congress rejected other parts, including civil rights legislation.

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