War and Expansion in the United States Section-3 War and Expansion in the United States The United States expands across North America and fights a civil war.

Manifest destiny—U.S. has duty to rule ocean to ocean Section-3 War and Expansion in the United States Americans Move West Manifest Destiny Manifest destiny—U.S. has duty to rule ocean to ocean U.S. pushes Native Americans continuously west to worse lands

Who were the original illegal immigrants into the state of Texas?

Texas Joins the United States Section-3 War and Expansion in the United States Texas Joins the United States American settlers enter Texas, grow unhappy with Mexican rule Win independence in 1836 U.S. annexes Texas in 1845

In 1853, Gadsden Purchase establishes current U.S. boundaries Section-3 War and Expansion in the United States Americans Move West War with Mexico In 1848, U.S. wins Mexican War gains southwest, California In 1853, Gadsden Purchase establishes current U.S. boundaries

Civil War Tests Democracy North and South Labor in the North is supplied by wage earners Northern economy has both farms and industry Continued…

Southern economy is based on plantations with slave labor Southern economy has little industry South grows a few cash crops (mainly cotton) Slavery fuels disagreement over states’ rights versus federal rights

Abraham Lincoln—elected in 1860, fiercely opposed by South Civil War Breaks Out Abraham Lincoln—elected in 1860, fiercely opposed by South Southern states secede—withdraw from the Union U.S. Civil War—North defeats South after bitter fighting (1861–1865) Continued…

Emancipation Proclamation—Lincoln Civil War Tests Democracy {continued} Abolition of Slavery Emancipation Proclamation—Lincoln declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free.“ Amendments after war extend citizenship and voting to blacks

Civil War Tests Democracy {continued} Reconstruction From 1865 to 1877, northern troops occupy South, enforce new laws After Reconstruction, troops leave and Southerners pass new laws Segregation—separation of blacks and whites becomes policy in South

By 1914 more than 20 million immigrants arrive from Europe, Asia The Postwar Economy Immigration By 1914 more than 20 million immigrants arrive from Europe, Asia Most immigrants settle in West, Midwest, or Northeast U.S. Immigrants provide workforce needed for industrialization

Transcontinental railroad links east and west in 1869 The Postwar Economy The Railroads Transcontinental railroad links east and west in 1869 Almost 200,000 miles of track cross U.S. by 1900 Railroads allow quick movement of goods and raw materials

Nineteenth-Century Progress Section-4 Nineteenth-Century Progress Breakthroughs in science and technology transform daily life and entertainment.

Nineteenth-Century Progress Section-4 Nineteenth-Century Progress Inventions Make Life Easier Edison the Inventor Thomas Edison patents over 1,000 inventions in research laboratory

Nineteenth-Century Progress Section-4 Nineteenth-Century Progress Inventions Make Life Easier Bell and Marconi Revolutionize Communication In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invents telephone In 1895, Italian Guglielmo Marconi builds first radio

Nineteenth-Century Progress Section-4 Nineteenth-Century Progress Inventions Make Life Easier Ford Sparks the Automobile Industry In 1880s, Germans invent first automobile Henry Ford lowers cost with assembly line—one task per worker

Nineteenth-Century Progress Section-4 Nineteenth-Century Progress Inventions Make Life Easier The Wright Brothers Fly In 1903, Wright brothers develop first working airplane

Medical researchers develop vaccines cities improve sanitation New Ideas in Medicine The Germ Theory of Disease Louis Pasteur discovers existence of bacteria while observing fermentation He and others quickly discover that bacteria cause disease British surgeon Joseph Lister links bacteria to surgical problems Sterilizing instruments reduces deaths from infection Medical researchers develop vaccines cities improve sanitation

Theory of evolution—species change slowly through natural selection New Ideas in Science Darwin Challenges Traditional Beliefs Charles Darwin—English scientist develops theory of evolution In 1880s most people believe in “special creation” by God Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Darwin’s idea of natural selection says competition elevates fittest Fittest then breed. Their offspring share their advantages. Theory of evolution—species change slowly through natural selection Continued…

Advances in Chemistry and Physics 4 New Ideas in Science {continued} Mendel and Genetics Austrian monk Gregor Mendel discovers patterns to inherited traits Mendel’s work begins the science of genetics Advances in Chemistry and Physics In 1803, John Dalton theorizes all matter is made of atoms In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev creates periodic table of the elements Radioactivity—type of energy discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie Ernest Rutherford says atoms have a nucleus surrounded by electrons

Social Sciences Explore Behavior New Ideas in Social Science Sciences of archaeology, sociology, anthropology begin in 1800s Psychology—study of human mind and behavior Ivan Pavlov believes human actions actually unconscious reactions Sigmund Freud studies unconscious and develops psychoanalysis Freud, Pavlov shake Enlightenment’s faith in reason

Sports Entertain Millions The Rise of Mass Culture From Leisure Culture to Mass Culture Mass culture—art, music, writing, entertainment for large audience Changes Produce Mass Culture Leisure activities (movies, music) now available to working class Music Halls, Vaudeville, and Movies Traveling acts feature music, juggling, dancing In 1880s, people develop early projections of moving images By the early 1900s, filmmakers produce the first feature films Sports Entertain Millions Spectator sports draw huge crowds; modern Olympics in Greece, 1896