Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 14th Edition Chapter 6

Key Concepts Factors influencing weather Factors influencing climate Effect of climate on distribution of biomes Characteristics of major biome types

Weather: A Brief Introduction Warm front Cold front Jet Streams Weather extremes Fig. 6-2 p. 102

Atmospheric Pressure High Pressure, Low Pressure

Climate Temperature Precipitation Fig. 6-5 p. 105

What Determines the different climates that occur? The Amount of Incoming Solar Radiation (Insolation) per unit of land Air Circulation Water Circulation Fig. 6-5 p. 105

Factors Influencing Air Patterns Uneven heating of earth’s surface Earth’s Tilt and resulting seasons Earths Rotation Properties of air water, and land Fig. 6-5 p. 105

Air circulation and climate animation. Click to view animation.

Air circulation interaction. Animation Air circulation interaction. Click to view animation.

Seasons Fig. 6-7 p. 106

Ocean Currents and Winds Redistribute heat over earth’s surface Ocean Currents /temp. and density Redistribute heat Mix ocean water Winds and upwelling Fig. 6-5 p. 105

Upwelling along western coasts animation. Click to view animation.

Movement of surface water Wind Diving birds Fish Upwelling Zooplankton Phytoplankton Nutrients

Air Circulation Fig. 6-8, p. 107 Fig. 6-10, p. 107

Short-Term Climate Changes: ENSO Fig. 6-12 p. 108

El Nino Southern Oscillation interaction. Animation El Nino Southern Oscillation interaction. Click to view animation.

Figure 6-13 Page 109 El Niño Drought Unusually high rainfall Unusually warm periods Figure 6-13 Page 109

Greenhouse Gasses List gases: Natural Green House Effect Humans have added CO2, NOx, CH4 Problems associated with Green House Effect Fig. 6-5 p. 105

Greenhouse effect interaction. Animation Greenhouse effect interaction. Click to view animation.

Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse gases Fig. 6-14 p. 110

Greenhouse effect interaction. Animation Greenhouse effect interaction. Click to view animation.

Rain Shadow Effect Microclimates Fig. 6-15 p. 110

Figure 6-16 Page 111 Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Semidesert, arid grassland Arctic tundra (polar grasslands) Desert Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen coniferous forest (e.g., montane coniferous forest) Tropical rain forest, tropical evergreen forest Mountains (complex zonation) Temperate deciduous forest Tropical deciduous forest Ice Temperate grassland Tropical scrub forest Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral) Tropical savanna, thorn forest

Biomes: Climate and Life on Land Relationship between latitude and altitude Desert Biomes Grassland, Tundra and Chaparral Biomes Forest Biomes Mountain Biomes

Biomes: Latitude and Altitude Refer to Fig. 6-17 p. 112 Fig. 6-18 p. 112

Desert Biomes Tropical deserts Temperate deserts Cold deserts Refer to Fig. 6-20 p. 114

Grassland, Tundra, and Chaparral Biomes Tropical grasslands and Savannas Temperate grasslands Polar grasslands (Arctic tundra) Permafrost Alpine tundra Chaparral Refer to Figs. 6-23, 6-24, and 6-25 pp. 116-119

Forest Biomes Tropical rainforest Temperate deciduous forest Evergreen coniferous forest (boreal forest) Temperate rain forest Refer to Figs. 6-29, 6-30, 6-31, and 6-32 pp. 121-124

Mountain Biomes Mimic latitude Islands of biodiversity