Periodic Table and bonding The student knows relationships exist between properties of matter and its components. The student is expected to: relate the chemical behavior of an element. including bonding, to its placement on the periodic table.

Foldable Instructions Construct a folded book foldable and title “Periodic Table” Materials: Foldable handout (2 pages) Scissors Pen Colored pencils/crayons Periodic Table (needed daily for note-taking activities) Instructions: Hamburger fold the foldable handouts Cut 2 cm slits from the edges of the fold of the handout that has page 2 (as marked) Cut along the fold line of the other sheet of paper beginning and ending about 2 cm from each end (as marked). Burrito fold and insert paper from step 2 into the hole and open, forming a book.

Importance of Atomic # Record the following on page 1 of your foldable: number of protons is the same as the atomic number; used to ID an element The element modeled is Beryllium; has 4 protons. Student Task: ID this element

Question An element has 24 protons. What element is it? Magnesium Molybdenum Chromium Iron Answer: C; Chromium’s atomic number is 24.

Question A certain atom has a nucleus containing nine protons and ten neutrons and has nine electrons orbiting the nucleus. This atom is a form of the element — a. potassium b. fluorine c. neon d. calcium Answer: B; Fluorine is atomic number 9 (9 protons)

Question Alpha particles are one type of radioactivity. These particles have a nucleus of two protons and two neutrons but have no orbital electrons. Based on this information, it can be inferred that alpha particles are positive ions of the element — a. actinium b. curium c. radium d. helium Answer: D; Helium is atomic number 2 (2 protons)

“All in the Family” Record the following notes on page 2 of your foldable “groups” or “families” are the columns on the Periodic Table elements in the same group have similar physical and chemical properties

Question Which of the following groups contains members with similar chemical reactivity? a. Li, Na, K b. Be, Mg, Na c. K, Ca, Sc d. P, S, Cl Answer: A; Li, Na, and K are all in the same group on the periodic table.

Question The bonding characteristics of nitrogen are most similar to the bonding characteristics of — a. hydrogen b. silicon c. helium d. phosphorus Answer: D; Phosphorus is in the same group as nitrogen on the periodic table..

Noble Gases Record the following notes on page 3 of your foldable Group 18 are called “noble gases” 8 valence electrons (stable octet) noble gases are resistant to forming compounds Student Task: Color and label the noble gases on the drawing on page 3 of your foldable.

Question The elements of which of these groups on the periodic table are least likely to form compounds? a. Group 1 b. Group 9 c. Group 14 d. Group 18

Question Elements found in which shaded area of this periodic table undergo the fewest chemical reactions? a. Q b. R c. S d. T

“Bond.” “Ionic Bond.” Ionic Bonds: Record the following notes on page 4 of your foldable Ionic Bonds: when metals form bonds with nonmetals Halogens, group 17 elements, form ionic compounds (salts) called halides Metals Nonmetals Left of bold line (staircase) Right of bold line (staircase) Lose electrons when bonding Gain electrons when bonding Form ca+ions Form anions Positive ions (positive oxidation numbers) Negative ions (negative oxidation numbers)

Where It’s At? Student Task On the top drawing on page 5 of your foldable, shade the metals one color and the nonmetals a different color. On bottom drawing on page 5 of your foldable, shade the halogen group.

Question Elements in Group 2 of the periodic table usually — a. form large molecules b. lose electrons when bonding c. act like nonmetals d. liquefy at room temperature B

Question Sodium fluoride is a type of halide used in toothpaste to help strengthen teeth. Elements from which group in the periodic table are necessary to form halide compounds? a. Group 4 b. Group 5 c. Group 10 d. Group 17 D

Question The elements from which of the following groups are most likely to react with potassium (K)? a. Group 2 b. Group 7 c. Group 13 d. Group 17 D

Oxidation Numbers How to determine oxidation numbers Record the following notes on page 6 of your foldable How to determine oxidation numbers Find the group number (roman numeral) for the element (located at the top of the group). Determine if the element is a metal or a nonmetal. If it is a metal, the roman numeral value from the group number is the positive value of the oxidation number. Example: Hydrogen is in group IA; therefore the oxidation number is +1 and the cation is written H1+. OR If it is a nonmetal, subtract the roman numeral value from eight. Assign a negative sign to the oxidation number. Example: F is in group VIIA; 8 – 7 = 1; therefore the oxidation number is -1 and the anion is written F1-.

Question What is the oxidation number of Mg? 1+ 1- 2+ 2- Answer: C; Mg is a metal in group IIA, therefore the oxidation number is 2+.

Question According to the periodic table, which of these elements will form an ion with a –3 charge? a. N b. La c. Li d. Rb Answer: A; Nitrogen is a nonmetal in group VA; 8 – 5 = 3; therefore the oxidation number is -3.

Question Which shaded area of the periodic table shown shows the location of elements that require the least energy to lose two electrons? Q R S T A

Criss-Cross Shortcut Ca2+ Cl1- Ca1 Cl2 CaCl2 Record the following notes on the top of page 7 of your foldable Criss-Cross Method for writing ionic compound formulas Rule: Value of oxidation # of cation becomes the subscript of the anion Rule: Value of oxidation # of anion becomes the subscript of the cation Ca2+ Cl1- Ca1 Cl2 CaCl2

Question Na1+ O2- According to this information, what is the chemical formula for sodium oxide? NaO NaO2 Na2O Na2O2 C

Question Mg2+ F1- According to this information, what is the chemical formula for magnesium fluoride? MgF MgF2 Mg2F Mg2F2 B

Question K1+ SO42- According to this information, what is the chemical formula for potassium sulfate? K2SO4 K4(SO4)2 K2(SO4)2 KSO4 Answer: A; Use criss-cross method.

Question The ionic compounds that result from combining Group 1 and Group 17 elements have a 1:1 ratio because a. Group 1 elements are electrically neutral b. Group 1 elements have one valence electron c. Group 1 elements contain neutrons in the nucleus d. Group 1 contains more elements than other groups B

We Like to Share! Record the following notes on the bottom of page 7 of your foldable Covalent Bonds Non-metals form bonds with non-metals Elements share electrons Examples: CO2, CH4 Carbon, Oxygen, and Hydrogen are all nonmetals

Question Nitrogen forms covalent bonds with which of the following elements? Sodium Iron Carbon Neon AnswerC; Carbon is a nonmetal.

Question The model above shows how an unidentified element, X, forms covalent bonds with oxygen. In which group on the periodic table does Element X most likely belong? Group 2 Group 7 Group 15 Group 18 Answer: C; Group 15 contains nonmetals which can form covalent bonds.