Ch. 21.1 Community Ecology pp.397-402 Symbiosis = interactions of species living together Sym = together; bio = life Score these as the “game of life” + if organism wins or gains - if organism loses 0 or neutral if no effect Score for individual organism Community Ecology involves interactions between__________?

Ch. 21.1 Community Ecology pp.397-402 Symbiosis Predation = one organism in a community catches, kills, and consumes another organism Predator = consumer (+) Prey = producer (they produced the food, themselves) (-) Predator/prey: +/- Community Ecology involves interactions between__________? Different species

Ch. 21.1 Community Ecology pp.397-402 Predation is a very strong pressure of natural selection Herbivory = an organism eating plants (herbs) Considered a form of predation Defense mechanisms include structures like thorns and chemicals like nicotine

Ch. 21.1 Community Ecology pp.397-402 Defenses: Structures Chemicals Mimicry = to copy Camouflage = copy to hide http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLESZStQqZY

Ch. 21.1 Community Ecology pp.397-402 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MC5OBblol0 15 top camo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJGtN-igCu8 Bozeman mimicry

Ch. 21.1 Community Ecology pp.397-402 Aposematic coloration = bright warning colors

Ch. 21.1 Community Ecology pp.397-402 Mimicry continued: Batesian Mimicry= a harmless species copies a harmful one

Ch. 21.1 Community Ecology pp.397-402 Mimicry continued: Müllerian mimicry = 2 harmful species evolve to look alike

Ch. 21.1 Community Ecology pp.397-402 Symbioses: 2. Parasitism = one organism feeds slowly on another organism parasite = feeds Host = is fed on Parasite/host: +/- Ecto = outside Endo = inside

Ch. 21.1 Community Ecology pp.397-402 Ectoparasite: ticks http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Na6_CORwTE

Ch. 21.1 Community Ecology pp.397-402 Endoparasite: Roundworm in humans http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z9RJHkzQtXc Bacteria? Yes or no Viruses? yes

Ch. 21.1 Community Ecology pp.397-402 Symbioses: 3. Mutualism = interaction in which both species benefit +/+ win/win Often evolved together Good Bacteria and host Honeybees and flowering plants Alligator and Egyptian Plover http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UIDdCihh5hU

Ch. 21.1 Community Ecology pp.397-402 4. Commensalism = interaction in which one species benefits and the other is unaffected +/0, win/neutral Egrets and cattle Crows and humans

Ch. 21.1 Community Ecology pp.397-402 5. Competition = when niches overlap, so 2 species try to use the same resource What is the score?

Ch. 21.1 Community Ecology pp.397-402 5. Competition = when niches overlap, so 2 species try to use the same resource What is the score? -/- , lose/lose There are costs for both http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aLQ_hEhhQYk&index=1&list=PL5AD9F4944D7E474C

Ch. 21.1 Community Ecology pp.397-402 5. Competition = when niches overlap, so 2 species try to use the same resource The competition can be reduced by: Competitive exclusion = one species out competes another so it is removed Character displacement = evolution to change niche Resource partitioning = change which resources are used in the niche