HIV-1 drug resistance before initiation or re-initiation of first-line antiretroviral therapy in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis  Prof Ravindra K Gupta, FRCP, John Gregson, PhD, Neil Parkin, PhD, Hiwot Haile-Selassie, MD, Prof Amilcar Tanuri, PhD, Liliana Andrade Forero, MD, Prof Pontiano Kaleebu, PhD, Christine Watera, MSc, Avelin Aghokeng, PhD, Nicholus Mutenda, MD, Janet Dzangare, MD, San Hone, MD, Zaw Zaw Hang, MD, Judith Garcia, MD, Zully Garcia, MD, Paola Marchorro, MD, Enrique Beteta, MD, Amalia Giron, MD, Raph Hamers, MD, Seth Inzaule, MSc, Prof Lisa M Frenkel, MD, Michael H Chung, MD, Prof Tulio de Oliveira, PhD, Prof Deenan Pillay, FRCPath, Kogie Naidoo, PhD, Prof Ayesha Kharsany, MD, Ruthiran Kugathasan, MRCP, Teresa Cutino, FRCP, Gillian Hunt, PhD, Santiago Avila Rios, PhD, Meg Doherty, MD, Michael R Jordan, MD, Silvia Bertagnolio, MD  The Lancet Infectious Diseases  Volume 18, Issue 3, Pages 346-355 (March 2018) DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30702-8 Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Prevalence of pretreatment HIV resistance to NNRTI inhibitors by year of sampling Each bubble represents a study and the size of the bubble is proportional to the size of the study. NNRTI=non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2018 18, 346-355DOI: (10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30702-8) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Prevalence of pretreatment HIV resistance to NRTI by year of sampling Each bubble represents a study and the size of the bubble is proportional to the size of the study. NRTI=nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2018 18, 346-355DOI: (10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30702-8) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Crude prevalence of reverse transcriptase drug-resistance mutations in people with any mutation NRTI=nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. NNRTI=non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2018 18, 346-355DOI: (10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30702-8) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions