Unit 6: Building An Empire Ch. 21: Acquiring and Managing Global Power Essential ?: Were U.S. interventions abroad between 1890 and 1917 motivated more by realism or idealism?

Preview Analyze the map below. In your notebook, list six things you can learn from this map. When you are finished continue to place ch. 21 vocab in your notes

Objectives Investigate the Essential Question: Were U.S. interventions abroad between 1890 and 1917 motivated more by realism or idealism? Read about U.S. intervention in six places around the turn of the century. Learn and use the Key Content Terms for this chapter.

Left Side: Title: 21.2 Three Presidents, Three Foreign Policies Place these diagrams on the left side of your notes Read section 21.2 Around each spoke diagram, add at least three key pieces of information about that president’s foreign policy.

21.2 Three Presidents, Three Foreign Policies Roosevelt: Foreign Policy: Use force if necessary Preserve peace & order in western hemisphere/protect American interests Extension of Monroe Doctrine  Roosevelt Corollary Protect weak nations 1905 mediated b/w Japan & Russia Taft: Foreign Policy: Encourage/protect American trade & investment in Latin American & Asia (economic goals) Economic presence would advance U.S. Intervened in Nicaragua in 1911, put pro-U.S. leader in power, & began making loans to new gov’t (remained until 1933) Protected U.S. business interests Wilson: Foreign Policy: aid the development of democratic ideals Protect human rights, national integrity, & opportunity Self-determination: people of foreign countries have right to choose their own form of gov’t w/o the influence of U.S. or other countries 1915 intervened in Haiti after a revolt to protect American lives/investments (remained until 1934) 1916 intervened in Dominican Republic (remained until 1928)

21.3: U.S. Involvement in Latin America Panama (prior to 1903) Was part of Colombia U.S. interested in this area for construction of canal Teddy Roosevelt tried to lease land from Colombia but was denied 1903 U.S. encourages a revolt (realism or idealism?) Revolt succeeds & U.S. recognizes the new Panama gov’t 1904 construction of canal begins after treaty is signed Canal: 51 miles connecting Atlantic Ocean to Pacific Ocean Problems: malaria & yellow fever Terrain not flat requiring some engineering innovation (see pg. 273) Complete 10 yrs later in 1914 U.S. angered some of Latin America by encouraging revolt Pays Colombia $25 million in 1921 & allows Colombian gov’t access U.S. does not share canal well with others up until 1999 when returns control to Panama

21.3: U.S. Involvement in Latin America Panama (prior to 1903) Was part of Colombia U.S. interested in this area for construction of canal Teddy Roosevelt tried to lease land from Colombia but was denied 1903 U.S. encourages a revolt (realism or idealism?) Revolt succeeds & U.S. recognizes the new Panama gov’t 1904 construction of canal begins after treaty is signed Canal: 51 miles connecting Atlantic Ocean to Pacific Ocean Problems: malaria & yellow fever Terrain not flat requiring some engineering innovation through series of locks (see pg. 273) Complete 10 yrs later in 1914 U.S. angered some of Latin America by encouraging revolt Pays Colombia $25 million in 1921 & allows Colombian gov’t access U.S. finally returns control of canal to Panama in 1999

21.3: U.S. Involvement in Latin America Mexico Mexican-American War ended in 1848 Since then American business became heavily invested in Mexico 1884 – 1911 Mexico under dictator Porfirio Diaz Many Mexicans poor Mexican Revolution in 1910 led by Francisco Madero (failed) Diaz later ousted in 1911 though Madero takes control but was killed by his general, Victoriano Huerta Huerta quickly is recognized by many countries President Wilson refuses to recognize b/c of how Huerta gained power Wilson backs Huerta’s opponent, General Venustiano Carranza (hoped he would support democracy – realism or idealism?) Almost war round 2 1914 Wilson sends troops to Veracruz to block war supplies from reaching Huerta’s army Battle ensues killing 90 Americans & 300 Mexicans Intervention is not received well – Wilson pulls out Huerta resigns within few months & Carranza takes control Revolution continues Emiliano Zapata & Francisco “Pancho” Villa try to overthrow Carranza Villa launches attacks on American citizens in both Mexico & the U.S. Wilson sends troops to stop Villa  troops cross borders often causing tension WWI nears Wilson withdraws from Mexico as WWI draws near

21.3: U.S. Involvement in Latin America Mexico Mexican-American War ended in 1848 Since then American business became heavily invested in Mexico 1884 – 1911 Mexico under dictator Porfirio Diaz Many Mexicans poor Mexican Revolution in 1910 led by Francisco Madero (failed) Diaz later ousted in 1911 though Madero takes control but was killed by his general, Victoriano Huerta Huerta quickly is recognized by many countries President Wilson refuses to recognize b/c of how Huerta gained power Wilson backs Huerta’s opponent, General Venustiano Carranza (hoped he would support democracy – realism or idealism?) Almost war round 2 1914 Wilson sends troops to Veracruz to block war supplies from reaching Huerta’s army Battle ensues killing 90 Americans & 300 Mexicans Intervention is not received well – Wilson pulls out Huerta resigns within few months & Carranza takes control Revolution continues Emiliano Zapata & Francisco “Pancho” Villa try to overthrow Carranza Villa launches attacks on American citizens in both Mexico & the U.S. Wilson sends troops to stop Villa  troops cross borders often causing tension WWI nears Wilson withdraws from Mexico as WWI draws near

21.3: U.S. Involvement in Latin America Puerto Rico U.S. gained Puerto Rico in 1898 after the official signing of a peace treaty w/ Spain (Treaty of Paris) U.S. originally set up military gov’t to develop infrastructure (schools, postal system, roads, etc.) 1900 U.S. sets up civilian gov’t to be led by American governor Still under U.S. control Puerto Ricans not U.S. citizens nor independent U.S. continued to hold on b/c valued its exports & strategic value for military (realism or idealism?) Invested in sugar (few rich, many poor) 1917 Wilson signs Jones Act Puerto Rico now U.S. territory Could become citizens but did not have full rights (couldn’t elect own governor or vote in presidential elections) 1948 Puerto Ricans can now elect own governor 1952 becomes commonwealth Allows Puerto Rico control over own laws/finances but defense & tariffs still dictated by U.S. (still U.S. commonwealth)

21.3: U.S. Involvement in Latin America Puerto Rico U.S. gained Puerto Rico in 1898 after the official signing of a peace treaty w/ Spain (Treaty of Paris) U.S. originally set up military gov’t to develop infrastructure (schools, postal system, roads, etc.) 1900 U.S. sets up civilian gov’t to be led by American governor Still under U.S. control Puerto Ricans not U.S. citizens nor independent U.S. continued to hold on b/c valued its exports & use for military (realism or idealism?) Invested in sugar (few rich, many poor) 1917 Wilson signs Jones Act Puerto Rico now U.S. territory Could become citizens but did not have full rights (couldn’t elect own governor or vote in presidential elections) 1948 Puerto Ricans can now elect own governor 1952 becomes commonwealth Allows Puerto Rico control over own laws/finances but defense & tariffs still dictated by U.S. (still U.S. commonwealth)

21.4: U.S. Involvement in Asia & the Pacific Philippines U.S. gains from Spain in 1898 after Spanish-American War U.S. originally aided during Spanish-American War in taking over Philippines by Emilio Aguinaldo After war he wanted independence but U.S. refused U.S. wanted Philippines b/c it is so close to China Allows access to Chinese trade (realism or idealism?) Filipinos still draft own constitution & elect Aguinaldo president U.S. does not recognize either & fighting ensues in 1899 U.S. defeats the uprising Aguinaldo switches to guerilla warfare (where have we seen this used & to what degree of success?) U.S. begins destroying villages & putting civilians into prison camps 1901 Aguinaldo captured 1902 fighting ends (3 yr war) 200,000 Filipinos & 5,000 Americans killed U.S. begins setting up central gov’t & local gov’ts for Filipinos to get involved in July 4th, 1946 U.S. grants Philippines independence

21.4: U.S. Involvement in Asia & the Pacific Philippines U.S. gains from Spain in 1898 after Spanish-American War U.S. originally aided during Spanish-American War in taking over Philippines by Emilio Aguinaldo After war he wanted independence but U.S. refused U.S. wanted Philippines b/c it is so close to China Allows access to Chinese trade (realism or idealism?) Filipinos still draft own constitution & elect Aguinaldo president U.S. does not recognize either & fighting ensues in 1899 U.S. defeats the uprising Aguinaldo switches to guerilla warfare (where have we seen this used & to what degree of success?) U.S. begins destroying villages & putting civilians into prison camps 1901 Aguinaldo captured 1902 fighting ends (3 yr war) 200,000 Filipinos & 5,000 Americans killed U.S. begins setting up central gov’t & local gov’ts for Filipinos to get involved in July 4th, 1946 U.S. grants Philippines independence

21.4: U.S. Involvement in Asia & the Pacific Hawaii (volunteer to read pg. 277) Important stop for ships in Pacific Ocean Export tropical crops (sugarcane & pineapple) White American planters dominate the industry (very wealthy) 1891 Hawaii still a kingdom ruled by constitutional monarch Liliuokalani becomes queen Does not like wealthy whites who dominate the island New constitution to give more power to natives White planters call for U.S. to step in & protect their interests 1893 U.S. sends in military to overthrow queen White planters control gov’t & apply for annexation to U.S. Originally backed by President Harrison Grover Cleveland becomes president & demands the queen be put back in power after discovering how she was overthrown Planters refuse & declare Hawaii independent republic 1898 Hawaii annexed to U.S. after Spanish-American War U.S. sees it as important port for navy (realism or idealism?) Becomes territory in 1900 Becomes state in 1959

21.4: U.S. Involvement in Asia & the Pacific Hawaii (volunteer to read pg. 277) Important stop for ships in Pacific Ocean Export tropical crops (sugarcane & pineapple) White American planters dominate the industry (very wealthy) 1891 Hawaii still a kingdom ruled by constitutional monarch Liliuokalani becomes queen Does not like wealthy whites who dominate the island New constitution to give more power to natives White planters call for U.S. to step in & protect their interests 1893 U.S. sends in military to overthrow queen White planters control gov’t & apply for annexation to U.S. Originally backed by President Harrison Grover Cleveland becomes president & demands the queen be put back in power after discovering how she was overthrown Planters refuse & declare Hawaii independent republic 1898 Hawaii annexed to U.S. after Spanish-American War U.S. sees it as important port for navy (realism or idealism?) Becomes territory in 1900 Becomes state in 1959

21.4: U.S. Involvement in Asia & the Pacific China U.S. interested b/c large amount of resources & large market for U.S. to enter/trade with (realism or idealism?) 1890s China & Japan @ war over Korea Russia, France, & Germany support China in return for access to their market Created “spheres of influence” (see pg. 278) U.S. did not want to be crowded out Secretary of State John Hay drafted the “Open Door Policy” Called for foreign nations to allow free trade in China 1900 Chinese uprising  Boxers (Righteous & Harmonious Fists) Attempted to push out foreign influence from China Killed thousands of foreigners, Christian missionaries, & Chinese Christians Uprising stopped by U.S., Japan, & other European countries Hay added to the Open Door Policy by stating foreign nations must respect Chinese Independence

21.4: U.S. Involvement in Asia & the Pacific China U.S. interested b/c large amount of resources & large market for U.S. to enter/trade with (realism or idealism?) 1890s China & Japan @ war over Korea Russia, France, & Germany support China in return for access to their market Created “spheres of influence” (see pg. 278) U.S. did not want to be crowded out Secretary of State John Hay drafted the “Open Door Policy” Called for foreign nations to allow free trade in China 1900 Chinese uprising  Boxers (Righteous & Harmonious Fists) Attempted to push out foreign influence from China Killed thousands of foreigners, Christian missionaries, & Chinese Christians Uprising stopped by U.S., Japan, & other European countries Hay added to the Open Door Policy by stating foreign nations must respect Chinese Independence

Processing (left side) Create a spectrum on the left side of your notes Label the ends Motivated by Realism and Motivated by Idealism. Think about U.S. interventions in each of the following six places from the lecture to determine whether U.S. actions there were motivated by realism, by idealism, or by some of each. Panama, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Philippines, Hawaii, China Write the name of each place, and a one-sentence justification of its placement, at the appropriate place along the spectrum. U.S. Foreign Policy, 1890–1917 Motivated by Realism Motivated by Idealism