KEY IDEA: Natural Hazards & Tectonic Hazards PAPER 1: Living with the physical environment SECTION A: The challenge of natural hazards KEY IDEA: Natural Hazards & Tectonic Hazards 1

I can define what a natural hazard is. It is a natural event that we can not stop. Can only reduce the impacts.

I can identify the types of natural hazard. Hydrological/ Meteorological: Tropical Storms Floods Storm Surges Wildfires Drought Geophysical: Volcanoes Earthquake Tsunami Landslide

I can describe the factors that affect hazard risk. Magnitude of event: Higher the size of the event more risk Wealth: Rich: can prepare/ less risk Poor: not prepared/ more risk Frequency of event: More events more risk Time of day: Overnight worse Factors affecting Hazard Risk Knowledge and preparation level Location: Mountains and coastal more at risk

I can describe & explain the theory of plate tectonics. Wegner Jigsaw – places used to fit together (South America and Africa) Fossils proved his point So found out mechanism that makes the earth move Convection currents!

I can describe & explain the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes. Earthquakes: Thin narrow belts at all plate boundary edges Volcanoes: Thin narrow belts at constructive and destructive plates boundary edges

I can outline the 4 different plate boundaries and their relationship to volcanoes & earthquakes. Constructive: Plates pull apart/ magma rises and forms shield volcano (gentle earthquakes and volcanoes) Destructive: Plates push together/ oceanic denser and sinks under continental/ oceanic melts/ magma chamber bursts through continental (explosive cone volcanoes and strong earthquakes) Conservative: Plates slides past each other (no volcano/ strong earthquakes) Collision: Plates push together/ two continental so push up land into fold mountains (no volcano/ strong earthquakes)

I can identify the primary and secondary effects of a tectonic hazard. Nepal (Poor) Italy (Rich) Deaths: 8,000 Deaths: 308 Injuries: 16,000 Injuries: 1,500 Most buildings collapsed Some buildings collapsed 26 hospitals collapsed 1 hospital collapsed Nepal (Poor) Italy (Rich) Avalanches Mudflows Reduced tourism Reduced rice (rice storage huts collapsed) Less at university

I can identify the immediate and long term responses to a tectonic hazard. Nepal (Immediate) Nepal (Long Term) International Red Cross Shelters 23 areas Rebuilding Medical supplies (WHO) Invited tourists back to Everest Facebook ‘Are you safe?’ Expand crop production

Recovery needed $6.7 billion, a third of Nepal's economy. I am able to use two case studies to understand how wealth impacts on the effects and responses of a tectonic hazard. HIC - LIC - Rescue attempt well organised between Army, Fire Service and ambulances. (Had money to spend on training and procedures) Cranes and big machinery used to clear rubble Government provided money for displaced families to pay rent, mortgages and bills. Nepal requested international help. Charities such as red cross set up shelter. Inadequate roads made rescue harder and slowed down the supplies of aid being sent to the most affected areas. Food and Agriculture organization of the UN expanded crop production to help Nepal recover their farming fields. Could a poor country afford to do this? Recovery needed $6.7 billion, a third of Nepal's economy.

I can explain why people actively choose to live in areas prone to tectonic hazards. Farming: Ash = Fertile soil Can grow more= more money Tourism: Natural sites Geysirs/ lava tubes/ hot springs/ volcanoes More tourism= more money Geo thermal: Ground is naturally hot from magma rising to the surface Water heated for free Steam created- turns turbines – energy for free. Tourism: Sulphur and precious minerals form in volcanic regions. Can be sold as valuable goods.

Monitoring / Prediction Tectonic Hazards I can explain how monitoring, prediction, protection and planning can reduce the risks from a tectonic hazard. Monitoring / Prediction Protection Prediction: Detect gases (sulphur) Ground Temperature Seismometer (earthquakes) Evacuate Protection: (as you can’t predict an earthquake the buildings need to be strong) Pendulum (not topple) Shutters (no glass shards) Cross bracing (floors not collapse on top of each other)

Tectonic Hazards Planning Planning: Drill days I can explain how monitoring, prediction, protection and planning can reduce the risks from a tectonic hazard. Planning Planning: Drill days Everyone knows what to do ‘Drop, Cover, Hold!’