Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism-based assay for high-resolution epidemiological analysis of the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

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Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism-based assay for high-resolution epidemiological analysis of the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus hospital clone EMRSA-15 A. Holmes, G. McAllister, P.R. McAdam, S. Hsien Choi, K. Girvan, A. Robb, G. Edwards, K. Templeton, J.R. Fitzgerald Clinical Microbiology and Infection Volume 20, Issue 2, Pages O124-O131 (February 2014) DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12328 Copyright © 2014 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

FIG. 1 Phylogenetic reconstruction of 17 EMRSA-15 strains selected to represent the diversity of EMRSA-15 in Scotland over time and space. A maximum likelihood tree was constructed based on all sites in the core genome, using a ‘general time reversible’ model of nucleotide substitution with the γ model of rate heterogeneity. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type of each isolate is indicated. Support for nodes was assessed using 1000 bootstrap replicates. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2014 20, O124-O131DOI: (10.1111/1469-0691.12328) Copyright © 2014 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

FIG. 2 Single nucleotide polymorphism-based clustering analysis of EMRSA-15 isolates. Clustering analysis of isolates from (a) two epidemiologically distinct outbreaks from the same health board, and several concomitant sporadic cases of infection. Isolates (blue branches) were obtained from neonates at a single hospital (b) (Table S1), and the second outbreak (green branches) involved patients with post-caesarean wound infections at four different hospitals (Hospitals A, C, D and G) within the same health board as Hospital B. (b) Eleven isolates from eight patients in a neonatal unit (R122–R132) revealing several related isolates (red branches) distinguishable from other isolates obtained in the same unit at the same time. Height refers to the distance between clusters as calculated by Ward's minimum variance method. (c) Clustering analysis of all 104 isolates examined in the current study with outbreak-associated isolates colour-coded as previously described. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2014 20, O124-O131DOI: (10.1111/1469-0691.12328) Copyright © 2014 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions