I. Why Atoms Combine (p.298-302) Ch. 6 - Chemical Bonds I. Why Atoms Combine (p.298-302) Chemical Formula Chemical Bond Stability

H2O A. Chemical Formula 1 oxygen atom 2 hydrogen atoms Shows: 1) elements in the compound 2) ratio of their atoms H2O 1 oxygen atom 2 hydrogen atoms

B. Chemical Bond Strong attractive force between atoms or ions in a molecule or compound. Formed by: transferring e- (losing or gaining) sharing e-

Ne C. Stability Stability is the driving force behind bond formation! Octet Rule most atoms form bonds in order to have 8 valence e- full outer energy level like the Noble Gases! Ne Stability is the driving force behind bond formation!

C. Stability Transferring e- Sharing e-

II. Kinds of Chemical Bonds (p.304-308) Ch. 6 - Chemical Bonds II. Kinds of Chemical Bonds (p.304-308) Ionic Bond Covalent Bond Comparison Chart

A. Ionic Bond Attraction between 2 oppositely charged ions Ions - charged atoms formed by transferring e- from a metal to a nonmetal

A. Ionic Bond ions form a 3-D crystal lattice NaCl

B. Covalent Bond Attraction between neutral atoms formed by sharing e- between two nonmetals

B. Covalent Bond covalent bonds result in discrete molecules NH3 H2O Cl2

B. Covalent Bond Nonpolar Covalent Bond e- are shared equally usually identical atoms

+ - B. Covalent Bond Polar Covalent Bond e- are shared unequally between 2 different atoms results in partial opposite charges + -

B. Covalent Bond Nonpolar Polar Ionic View Bonding Animations.

C. Comparison Chart IONIC COVALENT transferred from metal to nonmetal shared between nonmetals Electrons Melting Point high low Soluble in Water yes usually not yes (solution or liquid) Conduct Electricity no crystal lattice of ions, crystalline solids molecules, odorous liquids & gases Other Properties

III. Naming Molecular Compounds Molecular Names Molecular Formulas Ch. 6 - Chemical Bonds III. Naming Molecular Compounds Molecular Names Molecular Formulas

A. Molecular Names Write the names of both elements. Change the final ending to -ide. Add prefixes to indicate subscripts. Only use mono- prefix with oxide.

A. Molecular Names PREFIX mono- di- tri- tetra- penta- hexa- SUBSCRIPT 1 2 3 4 5 6

A. Molecular Names CCl4 N2O carbon tetrachloride SF6 dinitrogen monoxide sulfur hexafluoride

B. Molecular Formulas Write the more metallic element first. Add subscripts according to prefixes.

B. Molecular Formulas phosphorus trichloride dinitrogen pentoxide PCl3 dihydrogen monoxide PCl3 N2O5 H2O

B. Molecular Formulas The Seven Diatomic Elements Br2 I2 N2 Cl2 H2 O2 F2

IV. Naming Ionic Compounds Ch. 6 - Chemical Bonds IV. Naming Ionic Compounds (p. 314-320) Oxidation Number Ionic Names Ionic Formulas

A. Oxidation Number The charge on an ion. Indicates the # of e- gained/lost to become stable. 1+ 2+ 3+ 4+ 3- 2- 1-

B. Ionic Names Write the names of both elements, cation first. Change the anion’s ending to -ide. Write the names of polyatomic ions. For ions with variable oxidation #’s, write the ox. # in parentheses using Roman numerals. Overall charge = 0.

B. Ionic Names NaBr Na2CO3 sodium bromide FeCl3 sodium carbonate iron(III) chloride

C. Ionic Formulas Write each ion. Put the cation first. Overall charge must equal zero. If charges cancel, just write the symbols. If not, crisscross the charges to find subscripts. Use parentheses when more than one polyatomic ion is needed. Roman numerals indicate the oxidation #.

C. Ionic Formulas potassium chloride magnesium nitrate K+ Cl-  KCl copper(II) chloride K+ Cl-  KCl Mg2+ NO3-  Mg(NO3)2 Cu2+ Cl-  CuCl2

C. Ionic Formulas calcium oxide aluminum chlorate Ca2+ O2-  CaO iron(III) oxide Ca2+ O2-  CaO Al3+ ClO3-  Al(ClO3)3 Fe3+ O2-  Fe2O3

V. Naming Acids Definition Acid Names Acid Formulas Ch. 6 - Chemical Bonds V. Naming Acids Definition Acid Names Acid Formulas

A. Definition Acid Compound that forms H+ in water. Formula usually begins with ‘H’. Examples: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4

B. Acid Names

B. Acid Names HBr H2CO3 -ide  hydrobromic acid H2SO3 -ate  carbonic acid -ite  sulfurous acid

C. Acid Formulas hydrofluoric acid sulfuric acid nitrous acid -ide  HF -ate  H2SO4 -ite  HNO2