Biology Notes Evolution Part 4 Pages 517-535

Standards 6.9 ____ Describe how and why organisms are hierarchically classified based on evolutionary relationships ____ Discuss the use of molecular clocks to estimate how long ago various groups of organisms diverged evolutionarily from one another ____ Discuss distinguishing characteristics and kingdoms of living organisms ____ Explain the reason for changes in how organisms are classified 6.13 6.11 6.10

Essential Question: How have new discoveries helped us to 1. redefine the relationships among organisms? 1.

III. Classification Taxonomy = the science of _________ and classifying organisms Carolus Linnaeus is the first to propose a universal ____________ and develops a hierarchical system of classification based on binomial _____________ organizing classification nomenclature

binomial nomenclature = two word naming system in which each _________ is given a two word scientific name known as the ______ and ________ e.g. The Linnaeus system of classification still used today includes: ________, phylum, _____, order, ______, genus, and ________ organism genus species Homo sapiens class kingdom family species Animalia, Chordata, Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae, Homo, sapien = human

Modern taxonomy now classifies organisms based on their ________ characteristics as well as their __________ relationships phylogeny = the ___________ history for a group of _________ cladogram = a diagram that shows the common ________ and derived _________ among a group of organisms physical evolutionary evolutionary organisms characters ancestors

derived characters = traits that can be used to understand __________ relationships because they are shared among some ______ but not others evolutionary species FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS Tetrapoda clade 1 Amniota clade 2 Reptilia clade 3 Diapsida clade 4 Archosauria clade 5 EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE & IN THE JAW FEATHERS & TOOTHLESS BEAKS. SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE DERIVED CHARACTER

Phylogeny has recently been highly supported using research in _____ sequencing e.g. molecular clock = a model scientists use to compare mutation rates in _____ sequences in order to _________ the time two species have evolved independently of each other DNA reptiles & birds DNA estimate

A. Current Classification Systems Over time, and with more ___________ there have been several “upgrades” to the taxonomic system Modern taxonomists group living organisms within __ Kingdoms: discoveries 6

Bacteria – prokaryotic, unicellular __________ or heterotrophs that have cells walls with _____________ e.g. 2. Archae – prokaryotic, unicellular ___________ or heterotrophs that do not have cell walls with ______________ autotrophs peptidoglycan e. coli, streptococcus autotrophs peptidoglycan methanogenos, halophiles

3. Protista – mostly unicellular; all __________; autotrophs and _____________ e.g. 4. Fungi – multicellular, eukaryotic ____________ with cell walls made of ______; _____________ that absorb nutrients eukaryotic heterotrophs amoeba, paramecium heterotrophs chitin detritivore mushrooms, fungi

5. Plantae – autotrophic, multicellular __________ e.g. 6. Animalia – heterotrophic, multicellular ___________ eukaryotes grass, ferns, flowers, moss eukaryotes zebras, humans, lions, bugs

In the last decade, advancements with _____ sequencing and through the use of __________ clocks, scientists have added a _______ group to the taxonomic classification which is ______ than a kingdom DNA molecular Domain larger

1. Domain Eukarya – ___________ 2 1. Domain Eukarya – ___________ 2. Domain Bacteria – unicellular and ____________; cell walls with peptidoglycan 3. Domain Archae - unicellular, prokaryotic, and must have lack of _______; cell walls without peptidoglycan eukaryotes multicellular oxygen