Chapter 11

Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.1 Approaches, differing in spatial and temporal scale of thinking, about industrialization and the natural ecosystem (adapted from Coulter et al. 1995). Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.2 The carbon cycle in nature, showing how some of the many subsystems that have evolved transform resources. They do so in such a way as to give balance and long-term stability. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.3 The additional burden placed on the carbon cycle by large-scale industrialization. The subsystems that evolved to balance the cycle still exist but work at rates that do not begin to replace the resources that are consumed. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.4 The comparison of the natural and the industrial ecosystems. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.5 The energy, biomass, and material flows. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.6 A hierarchy of natural structural materials. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.7 The thermal conductivity and thermal mass of building materials. The contours show the wall thickness required to give a thermal cycle time of 12 hours. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.8 The tensile strength and modulus of natural and man-made fibers. Records for most of these can be found in Chapter 15. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.9 The specific tensile strength and modulus for the same natural and man-made fibers that appear in Figure 11.8. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.10 Bio-derived polymers and composites. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 11.11 Stress-strain curves for natural fiber–reinforced composites compared with that for a glass-polypropylene composite. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.