South America Preview Section 1: Natural Environments World Geography Today 2/25/2019 South America Preview Section 1: Natural Environments Section 2: History and Culture Section 3: South America Today Chapter Wrap-Up Chapter 12

Section 1: Natural Environments Read to Discover What are the major landforms and rivers of South America? What climates, plants, and animals are found in South America? What natural resources does the continent have?

Section 1: Natural Environments Question What are the different environments and landforms of South America?

Section 1: Natural Environments Landforms and Rivers Climates Tropical, humid in Amazon basin Highland climates in Andes Tropical wet and dry in many areas Mediterranean in central Chile Semiarid and arid in Patagonia, Atacama Andes Guiana Highlands, tepuís Brazilian Highlands Amazon River basin, Llanos, Gran Chaco, Pampas Amazon, Orinoco, Paraná Rivers South America Biomes Natural Resources Tropical rain forest Dry forest Savannas Deserts Rubber and timber Hydroelectricity production Nuts and plants for medicine Gold, silver, copper, iron ore, bauxite, oil

Section 1: Natural Environments South America has major mountains and plains. Mountains—Andes, Guiana Highlands, Brazilian Highlands Plains—Altiplano, Amazon River basin, Llanos, Gran Chaco, Pampas, Patagonia Three large river systems flow into the Atlantic Ocean. Amazon—4,000 miles long Orinoco—Drains the Guiana Highlands and Llanos Paraná—Drains eastern slopes of Andes and Brazilian Highlands

Section 1: Natural Environments South America has a wide variety of climate regions. Amazon Basin—World’s largest tropical humid region; many rain forest species Andes—Highland climates with varied vegetation; wildlife based on elevation, including llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, and Andean condors Tropical Wet and Dry—Various areas; dry forest or savanna Chile—Mediterranean climate with marine west coast Patagonia—Semiarid and arid; few animals Atacama Desert—Northern Chile, southern Peru; driest region

Section 1: Natural Environments Natural Resources Fertile soils Climates suitable for growing crops Water for irrigation and hydroelectric power Forest products Vast mineral wealth—Gold, silver, copper, iron ore, bauxite (aluminum ore), emeralds Energy—Oil deposits in Venezuela and other countries, including tar sands

Section 2: History and Culture Read to Discover What were some important events in the early history of South America? How did the colonial era and independence affect South America? What are some important features of South America’s cultures?

Section 2: History and Culture Early History First inhabitants, hunter-gatherers, arrived more than 12,000 years ago. Various early civilizations arose, including the Chibcha of Colombia. Incan civilization spanned much of Andean region. Spanish conquered the Inca in the 1530s. Spain and Portugal divided the continent: Spain in the west, Portugal in the east. Colonists brought new plants, animals, and diseases. Portuguese brought slave labor to Brazil to work sugar plantations.

Section 2: History and Culture Question How did the colonial period and independence affect South America?

Section 2: History and Culture Causes and Effects in South America’s History Inca conquered Lands taken by Europeans European animals and agricultural products introduced Death of indigenous people from European diseases and conquest Colonization Dictatorships supported by wealthy families Military coups and political instability Countries still isolated Borders still on colonial boundaries Independence

Section 2: History and Culture Cultural Features Great Ethnic Variety—Mixed-race, European, American Indian, African, East Indian, Japanese Language—Reflects colonization; Indian languages still spoken Religion—Majority Roman Catholic; also Hinduism, Islam, traditional indigenous religions Traditional Culture, despite change

Section 3: South America Today Read to Discover What is the economy of South America like today? What are South American cities like? What issues and challenges face the people of South America?

Section 3: South America Today Economy Cities Issues • Developing or middle-income countries • Agriculture, subsistence and commercial farming • Wide range of industrial products • Mercosur important free trade group • Large parts of each country’s population living in big cities • Rural-urban migration • Urban poor living in slums that surround the city • Crime and lack of services in these areas • Poverty • Amazon rain forests being cleared for farming and ranching • Soil exhaustion and overgrazing threatening the land • Border disputes, terrorism, and political corruption

Chapter Wrap-Up Understanding the Main Ideas World Geography Today 2/25/2019 Chapter Wrap-Up Understanding the Main Ideas What are the five climate zones of the Andes, and what vegetation is found in each? What are some products that come from the rain forest? What were some accomplishments of early South American people? How did Spanish and Portuguese settlement spread? What are three factors that create tensions in South America? Chapter 12