- ONE SAMPLE HYPOTHESIS TESTS - TWO SAMPLE HYPOTHESIS TESTS (INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT SAMPLES) 1 June 7, 2012

2 Example: A researcher believes that mean hemoglobin value is 12 in the population. He selected 64 adults from population randomly to verify this idea and identified hemoglobin mean as According to these findings, is population hemoglobin mean different from 12? Since The variable hemoglobin is continuous The sample size is 64 Hemoglobin is normally distributed There is only one group One sample t test is used

3 NMeanStd. Dev. Hemoglobin Hypothesis: H 0 : = 12 H a : 12 Sample results: Population mean: 12 Test statistic:Since the population variance is unknown, our test statistic is t Level of significance: =0.05

4 t ( /2,n-1) = t (0.025,64-1) 2.00 t cal > t table Reject H 0 Population mean is different from 12.

Example: To test the median level of energy intake of 2 year old children as 1280 kcal reported in another study, energy intakes of 10 children are calculated. Energy intakes of 10 children are as follows: Child Energy Intake

Since The variable concerning energy intake is continuous The sample size is not greater than 10 Energy intake is not normally distributed There is only one group Sign test 6

H 0 : The population median is H A : The population median is not Child Energy intake Sign Number of (-) signs = 6 and number of (+) signs = 4 For k=4 and n=10 From the sign test table p=

Since p > 0.05 we accept H 0 We conclude that the median energy intake level in 2 year old children is 1280 kcal. 8

9 Example: The dean of the faculty wants to know whether the smoking ratio among the Phase I students is 0.25 or not. For this purpose, 50 student is selected and 18 of them said they were smoking. According to this results, can we say that this ratio is different from 0.25 at the 0.05 level of significance? H 0 : P=0.25 H A : P 0.25 Critical z values are <1.96 Accept H 0. Smoking ratio among the Phase I student is p=18/50=0.36 One sample z test for proportion / one sample chi-square test

10 We can solve this problem with one sample chi square test at the same time. SmokingObservedExpected(O-E)(O-E) 2 (O-E) 2 /E Yes (50*0.25) No (50*0.75) Total

11 SPSS Output

Example: In a heart study the systolic blood pressure was measured for 24 men aged 20 and for 30 men aged 40. Do these data show sufficient evidence to conclude that the older men have a higher systolic blood pressure, at the 0.05 level of significance? Since The variable concerning systolic blood pressure is continuous The sample size of each group is greater than 10 Systolic blood pressure values in each group is normally distributed There are two groups and they are independent Independent samples t-test is used 12

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24122,833316, ,666717,3013 GROUP 20- year-old 40- year-old NMeanStd. Deviation 3024N = GROUP 40- year-old20- year-old Mean 1 SD SBP

(1) H 0 : 1 = 2 H a : 1 < 2 (2) Testing the equality of variances Accept H 0. Variances are equal. H 0 : 2 1 = 2 2 H a :

(3) (4) t (52,0.05) =1.675 < p<0.05, Reject H 0. (5) The older men have higher systolic blood pressure 16

17 SPSS Output

Example: Cryosurgery is a commonly used therapy for treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). The procedure is associated with pain and uterine cramping. Within 10 min of completing the cryosurgical procedure, the intensity of pain and cramping were assessed on a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS), in which 0 represent no pain or cramping and 100 represent the most severe pain and cramping. The purpose of study was to compare the perceptions of both pain and cramping in women undergoing the procedure with and without paracervical block. 18

5 women were selected randomly in each groups and their scores are as follows: GroupScore Women without a block Women with a paracervical block

Since The variable concerning pain/cramping score is continuous The sample size is less than 10 There are two groups and they are independent Mann Whitney U test 20

GroupScoreRank I01 I142 I273 I374.5 II374.5 II506 II667 II708 II759 I8810 R1= = 20.5 From the table, critical value is < 21 accept H 0 We conclude that the median pain/ cramping scores are same in two groups. 21

22 SPSS Output

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Example: We want to know if children in two geographic areas differ with respect to the proportion who are anemic. A sample of one-year-old children seen in a certain group of county health departments during a year was selected from each of the geographic areas composing the departments clientele. The followig information regarding anemia was revealed. Geographic Area Number in sample Number anemic Proportion The difference between two population proportion

Reject H 0 We concluded that the proportion of anemia is different in two geographic areas. 25

Example: A study was conducted to analyze the relation between coronary heart disease (CHD) and smoking. 40 patients with CHD and 50 control subjects were randomly selected from the records and smoking habits of these subjects were examined. Observed values are as follows: + - Yes No Total 90 Smoking Total CHD

Observed and expected frequencies + - Yes No Total 90 Smoking Total CHD

df = (r-1)(c-1)=(2-1)(2-1)=1 2 (1,0.05) =3.841 Conclusion: There is a relation between CHD and smoking. 2 =4. 95 > reject H 0 28

29 SPSS Output

Example: A study was conducted to see if a new therapeutic procedure is more effective than the standard treatment in improving the digital dexterity of certain handicapped persons. Twenty-four pairs of twins were used in the study, one of the twins was randomly assigned to receive the new treatment, while the other received the standard therapy. At the end of the experimental period each individual was given a digital dexterity test with scores as follows. 30

Since The variable concerning digital dexterity test scores is continuous The sample size is greater than 10 digital dexterity test score is normally distributed There are two groups and they are dependent Paired sample t-test 31

NewStandardDifference Total129 Mean65,4660,085,38 SD14,3814,465,65 H 0 : d = 0 H a : d > 0 t (23,0.05) =1.714 We conclude that the new treatment is effective. Since, reject H 0. 32

33 SPSS Output

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Example: To test whether the weight-reducing diet is effective 9 persons were selected. These persons stayed on a diet for two months and their weights were measured before and after diet. The following are the weights in kg: Subject Weights BeforeAfter Since The variable concerning weight is continous. The sample size is less than 10 There are two groups and they are dependent Wilcoxon signed ranks test 35

Subject WeightsDifference D i Sorted D i Rank Signed Rank BeforeAfter

T = 1.5 reject H 0, p<0.05 T = 1.5 < T (n=9,a =0.05) = 6 We conclude that the diet is effective. 37

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39 Example: 35 patients were evaluated for arrhythmia with two different medical devices. Is there any statistically significant difference between the diagnose of two devices? Device I Device II Total Arrhythmia (+)Arrhythmia (-) Arrhythmia (+)10313 Arrhythmia (-)13922 Total The significance test for the difference between two dependent population / McNemar test

40 H 0 : P 1 =P 2 H a : P 1 P 2 Critical z value is ±1.96 Reject H 0

41 McNemar test approach: 2 (1,0.05) =3.841<5.1 p<0.05; reject H 0.

42 SPSS Output