Long-Term Analgesic Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Motor Cortex on Phantom Limb and Stump Pain: A Case Report  Nadia Bolognini, PhD  Journal of Pain and Symptom Management  Volume 46, Issue 4, Pages e1-e4 (October 2013) DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.06.014 Copyright © 2013 U.S. Cancer Pain Relief Committee Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 a) Effects of a five-day treatment with sham and active anodal tDCS of the motor cortex in a lower limb amputee with chronic pain, as assessed by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for PLP, stump pain, nonpainful phantom sensation, and telescoping. The VAS scores were normalized against the baseline score and displayed as percentage of change; a zero value indicates absence of change, a −100% value indicates complete pain relief. The patient's score (black bars) at each VAS was compared with that of six lower limb amputees with chronic pain (controls, white bars), tested in a previous study,3 who received only one application of active and sham motor tDCS. b) Long-term relief from PLP (black line) and stump pain (gray line) reported by the patient after the five-day treatment with active anodal tDCS of the motor cortex. tDCS=transcranial direct current stimulation; PLP=phantom limb pain; FU=follow-up. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2013 46, e1-e4DOI: (10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.06.014) Copyright © 2013 U.S. Cancer Pain Relief Committee Terms and Conditions