11-4 How Should We Protect and Sustain Wetlands? Concept 11-4 To maintain the ecological and economic services of wetlands, we must maximize preservation of remaining wetlands and restoration of degraded and destroyed wetlands.

Coastal and Inland Wetlands Are Disappearing around the World Coastal and inland wetlands are important reservoirs of aquatic biodiversity that are highly _______________ productive

Coastal and Inland Wetlands Are Disappearing around the World They also provide vital ecological and economic services… Provide natural _____________ and _____________ control Acts as _________________ that maintain high water quality Despite this value, the U.S. has lost at least __________ of its wetland areas since 1900 Other countries have lost much more flood erosion filters half

Coastal and Inland Wetlands Are Disappearing around the World Wetlands are threatened by people… draining or filling the land for use as __________________ or ______________ areas destroying the areas to ____________ minerals, oil, and natural gas Destroying the areas to eliminate breeding grounds for _____________ causing insects Wetlands are also threatened by climate change and ______________ sea levels…they may eventually be underwater cropland urban extract disease rising

We Can Preserve and Restore Wetlands To protect U.S. wetlands, ____________ laws have been created to steer development away from wetlands For example, you need a federal ______________ to fill wetlands greater than 3 acres or to deposit material on them Has helped cut the average annual wetland loss by _______ since 1969 zoning permit 80%

We Can Preserve and Restore Wetlands The U.S. also uses a policy known as ______________ banking in an attempt to keep our “net” wetland loss at _________ You can only destroy an existing wetland if one of equal area is _________________ Ecologists argue that this should be used as a last resort Creating wetlands is __________________...nearly ________ of the attempts to create wetlands fail Created wetlands often do not provide the _________ ecological functions as natural ones mitigation zero created difficult half same

Human-Created Wetland in Florida Figure 11.12: This human-created wetland is located near Orlando, Florida (USA). Fig. 11-12, p. 268

Case Study: Can We Restore the Florida Everglades? (1) The Florida Everglades was once a ____________ wide, knee deep sheet of water flowing slowly south from Lake Okeechobee to the Florida Bay “River of Grass” 60-mile

Case Study: Can We Restore the Florida Everglades? (1) To protect the Everglades, a national _________ was created in 1947 The park, however, was not a successful conservation effort due to development projects _________ of the everglades park north

Case Study: Can We Restore the Florida Everglades? (1) The wandering Kissimmee River was converted into a _____________ canal to control flooding ________________ areas were also created Everglades are now less than _________ of its original size and much of it has ___________ out straight Agricultural half dried

Case Study: Can We Restore the Florida Everglades? (2) In 1990, after much political haggling, the Florida state government and our national government agreed to start the world’s ________________ ecological restoration project Called the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan or _________________ Restore ________________ flow of ½ of Kissimmee River Remove ____________ and levees in strategic locations largest CERP curving canals

Case Study: Can We Restore the Florida Everglades? (2) 3. ____________ farmland to create artificial marshes Create 18 ____________________ to create a _______________ supply for lower Everglades and humans Build new canals and a _______________ system to recapture water flowing to sea and _____________ it to Everglades Already weakened by Florida legislature Voted to allow sugarcane farmers to increase their amount of ___________________ discharge Dates have been __________________ and funding has fallen ______________ Flood reservoirs water pumping return phosphorus postponed short

11-5 How Should We Protect and Sustain Freshwater Lakes, Rivers, and Fisheries? Concept 11-5 Freshwater ecosystems are strongly affected by human activities on adjacent lands, and protecting these ecosystems must include protection of their watersheds.

Freshwater lakes, rivers, and fisheries are also severely threatened by human activities Waterfall Lake Glacier Rain and snow Rapids Source Zone Transition Zone Tributary Flood plain Oxbow lake Salt marsh Delta Deposited sediment Ocean Water Sediment Floodplain Zone

Oxbow lake Salt marsh Delta Deposited sediment Ocean Water Sediment Floodplain Zone

Freshwater Ecosystems Are under Major Threats Think: HIPPCO to summarize the threats 40% of world’s rivers are ________________ Many freshwater wetlands ______________ Invasive species Human population pressures and pollution Overfishing Overuse of freshwater supplies dammed destroyed

Case Study: Can the Great Lakes Survive Repeated Invasions by Alien Species? Collectively, the Great Lakes are the world’s _______________ body of freshwater Invaded by at least _______ nonnative species Sea lamprey Zebra mussel Quagga mussel Asian carp largest 162 sea lamprey

Zebra Mussels Attached to a Water Current Meter in Lake Michigan Zebra mussels were most likely introduced to the Great Lakes by a European ________ near Detroit, Michigan Reproduces rapidly and has no natural enemies in the Great Lakes Has _______________ other mussel species and depleted the food supply for aquatic species ship Figure 11.14: These zebra mussels are attached to a water current meter in Lake Michigan. This invader entered the Great Lakes through ballast water dumped from a European ship. It has become a major nuisance and a threat to commerce as well as to biodiversity in the Great Lakes. displaced

Zebra Mussels Attached to a Water Current Meter in Lake Michigan Zebra mussels also… ___________ irrigation pipes Shut down water __________ pipes for power plants and city water supplies Jammed ships’ ___________ Cost the U.S. and Canada about ________________ dollars per year clog intake rudders Figure 11.14: These zebra mussels are attached to a water current meter in Lake Michigan. This invader entered the Great Lakes through ballast water dumped from a European ship. It has become a major nuisance and a threat to commerce as well as to biodiversity in the Great Lakes. 1 billion

Asian Carp from Lake Michigan Asian Carp or ___________ carp were used in aquaculture farms to remove suspended water and algae After heavy flooding, they found their way into the _____________ and _____________________ rivers Voracious eaters that can jump clear out of the water…collisions have ______________ boaters grass Mississippi Illinois Figure 11.15: According to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, two species of Asian carp were close to invading Lake Michigan in 2010. If they become established in Lake Michigan, they are likely to spread rapidly and disrupt the food web that supports the lakes’ native fish populations. Eventually, they could become the dominant fish species in the interconnected Great Lakes. injured

Asian Carp from Lake Michigan Have been found very _________ to Lake Michigan…. Joel Brammeler, president of the Alliance for the Great Lakes has warned… “If Asian Carp get into Lake Michigan, there is no stopping them” close Figure 11.15: According to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, two species of Asian carp were close to invading Lake Michigan in 2010. If they become established in Lake Michigan, they are likely to spread rapidly and disrupt the food web that supports the lakes’ native fish populations. Eventually, they could become the dominant fish species in the interconnected Great Lakes.

Managing River Basins Is Complex and Controversial Rivers and their basins can be very difficult to manage due to their _____________ For example, the _______________ River, which runs through parts of the U.S. and Canada, has __________ dams… Provide _____________________ power Provide ___________________ water Disrupt the _________________ patterns of salmon Columbia River’s wild Pacific salmon population has dropped by ________ length Columbia 119 hydroelectric irrigation migration 94%

We Can Protect Freshwater Ecosystems by Protecting Watersheds Restoring and sustaining our rivers may involve taking ____________ some dams and restoring river _____________ 1968 National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act Wild rivers are relatively inaccessible except by ____________ Scenic rivers are free of dams and mostly undeveloped In 2009 a U.S. law was passed to ___________ the length of wild and scenic rivers by half down flow trail extend

Freshwater Fisheries Need Better Protection Traditionally, freshwater fisheries have been managed by regulating… the time and length of the fishing ______________ The ________________ and __________ of fish that can be taken Other techniques may be needed… _______________ reservoirs and ponds and stocking them with fish Protecting fish ________________ sites Protect fish habitats from _________________ build up and ___________________ season number size Building spawning sediment pollution

11-6 What Are the Priorities for Sustained Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services? Concept 11-6 Sustaining the world’s aquatic biodiversity requires mapping it, protecting aquatic hotspots, creating large, fully protected marine reserves, protecting freshwater ecosystems, and carrying out ecological restoration of degraded coastal and inland wetlands.

Using an Ecosystem Approach to Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity Using an ecosystem approach to sustain aquatic biodiversity will involve… Complete the ________________ of the world’s aquatic biodiversity Identify and preserve aquatic diversity _________________ (high diversity and threatened) Create large and fully protected marine ____________ Protect and _____________ the world’s lakes and rivers Make conservation ____________________ rewarding mapping hotspots reserves restore financially Start restoration projects

Review Questions What does mitigation banking involve regarding wetlands? Why has the Everglades National Park not been a success? Creating new wetlands to replace destroyed ones Development north of the park affected the water flow Lack of funding/political support

Review Questions What are some invasive species that are threats to the Great Lakes How have dams negatively affected the Columbia River’s habitat? Sea lamprey Zebra Mussels Quagga mussels Asian carp Disturbs natural river flow and the migration pattern of salmon