Chapter 18 Section 1 Mobilization

Getting ready for WAR Mobilization : Selective Service Act required all males aged 21 to 36 to register for military service. (Government Issued: GI)

TROOPS 300,000 Mexican Americans 25,000 Native Americans (Navajos “code talkers” 1 million African Americans 350,000 American women: clerks, typists, nurses, airfield control tower operators, etc

Tuskegee Airmen first aviation cadet class July 1941 completed training March 1942 African American airmen fought two wars - one against Axis Powers and the other against racism at home

Navajo Code Talkers primary job was to transmit information via telegraphs and radios in their native dialect Navajo's unwritten language was understood by fewer than 30 non-Navajo's at the time of WWII

Code Talkers "At Iwo Jima, the Code Talkers immortalized themselves. To capture the island, the entire military operation was directed by orders communicated by the Navajo Code Talkers. During the first forty-eight hours, while the marines landed and consolidated their shore positions, six Navajo radio nets operated around the clock. They sent and received more than 800 messages without error. When the marines raised the flag on Mount Suribachi, the Code Talkers relayed the message in the Navajo code: "sheep-uncle-ram-ice-bear-ant-cat-horse-itch."

World War II Women

Rosie the Riveter fictional character that was created to encourage women to join the work force during World War II

Preparing for the Economy of WAR Making supplies War Production Board: converted peace-time civilian industries to war production; allocated resources Office of War Mobilization: broad powers to centralize resources

Production needs workers and MONEY!! Women and African Americans War cost=$321 billion Treasury bonds (liberty bonds) higher taxes paid for 41% of war National debt increased from $43 billion in 1940 to $259 billion in 1945

Ford Motor Company Converted to make B-24 Bombers

Liberty Ships Henry J. Kaiser used mass production to cut production time of ships from 200 days to 40 days Carried supplies or troops

Continued support rationing Recycling metal, paper, etc Carpooled

FOOD OFFICE OF PRICE ADMINISTRATION worked to control the prices of goods in charge of rationing goods victory gardens

Section 2 Retaking Europe Battle of the Atlantic U-boats sank 175 ships in June 1942 U.S. used convoy system to protect ships

Convoy system

Invasion of Italy Hitler violated the Non-Aggression Pact and attacked Russia Stalin begged the Allied powers to attack the Axis from the Western front in France Allies invaded Italy instead from North Africa Italy surrendered April 1945, Mussolini was shot and killed by Italians as he tried to flee across the northern Italian border

Mussolini’s body was hung in Milan square Years of atrocities had caused great fear in Italy.

The Eastern Front 4 million Axis (Germans and Italians) and 9 million Russians were killed in battle 20 million Soviet civilians died from Stalin’s tactics and war

BATTLE OF STALINGRAD Germany lost 330,000 troops Stalin ordered “not one step back” Soviets lost 1,100,000 troops. Stalingrad is the turning point for the war in Eastern Europe. Stalin resented the lack of support from the Allied Powers

Stalingrad

Stalingrad

D DAY June 6 1944

D-Day=code name for the Allied invasion to liberate France from German control By nightfall on June 6, more than 9,000 Allied soldiers were dead or wounded more than 100,000 had made it ashore, securing French coastal villages

DUMMY DROPPED

Liberating France General Patton used a blitzkrieg to head to Paris, France. On August 25, 1944, a French division of the U.S. First Army officially liberated Paris.

Battle of the Bulge Last German OFFENSIVE before the Allies defeated Germany

WAR in Europe Ends Soviets continued to advance on Germany from the east April 1945, Berlin was captured, Germans surrendered, Hitler committed suicide May 8, 1945, V-E Day( Victory in Europe)

Yalta Conference Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta The leaders agreed to split Germany into 4 zones They also divided Berlin the same way Stalin promised to allow elections in the nations of Eastern Europe that his army had liberated from the Germans Stalin will refuse to live up to his promises at Yalta