Monitoring progress toward measles elimination by genetic diversity analysis of measles viruses in China 2009–2010 Y. Zhang, H. Wang, S. Xu, N. Mao,

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Monitoring progress toward measles elimination by genetic diversity analysis of measles viruses in China 2009–2010 Y. Zhang, H. Wang, S. Xu, N. Mao, Z. Zhu, J. Shi, G. Huang, C. Liu, F. Bo, D. Feng, P. Lu, Y. Liu, Y. Wang, Y. Lei, M. Chen, H. Chen, C. Wang, H. Fu, C. Li, J. He, H. Gao, S. Gu, S. Wang, H. Ling, Y. Liu, Z. Ding, Z. Ba, Y. Feng, H. Zheng, X. Tang, Y. Lei, Y. Xiong, W.J. Bellini, P.A. Rota, Y. Jee, W. Xu Clinical Microbiology and Infection Volume 20, Issue 9, Pages O566-O577 (September 2014) DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12530 Copyright © 2013 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

FIG. 1 Reported measles cases in mainland China. (a) Reported measles cases in China by year of onset during 2004–2010, as reported by the National Notifiable Disease Reporting System (NNDRS). (b) Reported measles cases in mainland China by month of onset during 2005–2010, as reported by the NNDRS. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2014 20, O566-O577DOI: (10.1111/1469-0691.12530) Copyright © 2013 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

FIG. 2 Geographical distribution and proportion of measles cases by age group and province in mainland China, 2004–2009, as reported by the National Notifiable Disease Reporting System. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2014 20, O566-O577DOI: (10.1111/1469-0691.12530) Copyright © 2013 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

FIG. 3 Phylogenetic analysis of sequences of Chinese measles viruses, compared with the WHO reference sequences by use of MEGA 5.03 software and the neighbour-joining method (1000 bootstraps). Trees are based on N-450. Viruses were named according to WHO standard nomenclature [39]. Dots indicate the Chinese sequences in this study. The large phylogenetic tree was compressed to fit the page. Identical sequences from the same province are given a single name, with the number of identical sequences in parentheses after the WHO name. Identical sequences from different provinces are indicated in parentheses after the modified WHO name, e.g. MVi/Province/CHN/2010/H1a(Province: HaiN-1SD-1), which indicates that there are two identical sequences, one from Hainan province, and one from Shandong province). (a) Phylogenetic tree of 284 virus sequences detected in China in 2009 compared with the WHO reference sequence for each genotype. (b) Phylogenetic tree of 283 virus sequences detected in China during 2010 compared with the WHO reference sequences for each genotype. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2014 20, O566-O577DOI: (10.1111/1469-0691.12530) Copyright © 2013 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

FIG. 3 Phylogenetic analysis of sequences of Chinese measles viruses, compared with the WHO reference sequences by use of MEGA 5.03 software and the neighbour-joining method (1000 bootstraps). Trees are based on N-450. Viruses were named according to WHO standard nomenclature [39]. Dots indicate the Chinese sequences in this study. The large phylogenetic tree was compressed to fit the page. Identical sequences from the same province are given a single name, with the number of identical sequences in parentheses after the WHO name. Identical sequences from different provinces are indicated in parentheses after the modified WHO name, e.g. MVi/Province/CHN/2010/H1a(Province: HaiN-1SD-1), which indicates that there are two identical sequences, one from Hainan province, and one from Shandong province). (a) Phylogenetic tree of 284 virus sequences detected in China in 2009 compared with the WHO reference sequence for each genotype. (b) Phylogenetic tree of 283 virus sequences detected in China during 2010 compared with the WHO reference sequences for each genotype. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2014 20, O566-O577DOI: (10.1111/1469-0691.12530) Copyright © 2013 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

FIG. 4 Geographical distribution of measles virus genotypes in mainland China. The provinces where the viruses of the indicated genotypes were found are highlighted in grey. The location within each province is not indicated. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2014 20, O566-O577DOI: (10.1111/1469-0691.12530) Copyright © 2013 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

FIG. 5 Phylogenetic analysis of sequences of Chinese genotype HI measles viruses, 2009–2010. Blue dots indicate 2009 viruses, and red dots indicate 2010 viruses. Tree calculation and virus nomenclature are as described in the legend to Fig. 3. (a) Phylogenetic analysis of all sequences of Chinese genotype H1 viruses, 2009–2010. (b–d) Phylogenetic analysis of genotype H1 viruses circulating in Jiangsu (b), Liaoning (c) and (d) Ningxia provinces, 2009–2010. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2014 20, O566-O577DOI: (10.1111/1469-0691.12530) Copyright © 2013 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

FIG. 5 Phylogenetic analysis of sequences of Chinese genotype HI measles viruses, 2009–2010. Blue dots indicate 2009 viruses, and red dots indicate 2010 viruses. Tree calculation and virus nomenclature are as described in the legend to Fig. 3. (a) Phylogenetic analysis of all sequences of Chinese genotype H1 viruses, 2009–2010. (b–d) Phylogenetic analysis of genotype H1 viruses circulating in Jiangsu (b), Liaoning (c) and (d) Ningxia provinces, 2009–2010. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2014 20, O566-O577DOI: (10.1111/1469-0691.12530) Copyright © 2013 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions