Suntanu Dalal, MSc, Ronald Melzack, PhD

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Psychostimulant Drugs Potentiate Morphine Analgesia in the Formalin Test Suntanu Dalal, MSc, Ronald Melzack, PhD Journal of Pain and Symptom Management Volume 16, Issue 4, Pages 230-239 (October 1998) DOI: 10.1016/S0885-3924(98)00085-2

Fig. 1 Experiment 1, Drug Administration Time 1. Time course of mean formalin pain ratings for rats given morphine at −30 min and methylphenidate at −20 min: (A) is the “saline control for morphine injection,” in (B) morphine is held constant at 1.0 mg/kg, and in (C) morphine is held constant at 2.5 mg/kg. (D) summarizes the late-phase data from Figures 1A–C by averaging each group over 30 min for the period t = +20 min to t = +50 min. The vertical lines of the graphs represent the standard errors of the mean. Significant Mann-Whitney U’s, one-tailed, are indicated by * (P < 0.05) and ** (P < 0.01) Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 1998 16, 230-239DOI: (10.1016/S0885-3924(98)00085-2)

Fig. 1 Experiment 1, Drug Administration Time 1. Time course of mean formalin pain ratings for rats given morphine at −30 min and methylphenidate at −20 min: (A) is the “saline control for morphine injection,” in (B) morphine is held constant at 1.0 mg/kg, and in (C) morphine is held constant at 2.5 mg/kg. (D) summarizes the late-phase data from Figures 1A–C by averaging each group over 30 min for the period t = +20 min to t = +50 min. The vertical lines of the graphs represent the standard errors of the mean. Significant Mann-Whitney U’s, one-tailed, are indicated by * (P < 0.05) and ** (P < 0.01) Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 1998 16, 230-239DOI: (10.1016/S0885-3924(98)00085-2)

Fig. 2 Experiment 1, Drug Administration Time 2. Time course of mean formalin pain ratings for rats given morphine at -10 min and methylphenidate at 0 min: (A) is the “saline control for morphine injection,” in (B) morphine is held constant at 1.0 mg/kg, and in (C) morphine is held constant at 2.5 mg/kg. (D) summarizes the late-phase data from Figures 2A–C by averaging each group over 30 min for the period t = +20 min to t = +50 min. The vertical lines on the graphs represent the standard errors of the mean. Significant Mann-Whitney U’s, one-tailed, are indicated by * (P < 0.05) and ** (P < 0.01) Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 1998 16, 230-239DOI: (10.1016/S0885-3924(98)00085-2)

Fig. 2 Experiment 1, Drug Administration Time 2. Time course of mean formalin pain ratings for rats given morphine at -10 min and methylphenidate at 0 min: (A) is the “saline control for morphine injection,” in (B) morphine is held constant at 1.0 mg/kg, and in (C) morphine is held constant at 2.5 mg/kg. (D) summarizes the late-phase data from Figures 2A–C by averaging each group over 30 min for the period t = +20 min to t = +50 min. The vertical lines on the graphs represent the standard errors of the mean. Significant Mann-Whitney U’s, one-tailed, are indicated by * (P < 0.05) and ** (P < 0.01) Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 1998 16, 230-239DOI: (10.1016/S0885-3924(98)00085-2)

Fig. 3 Experiment 2, Drug Administration Time 1. Time course of mean formalin pain ratings for rats given morphine at −30 min and d-amphetamine at −20 min: (A) is the “saline control for morphine injection,” in (B) morphine is held constant at 1.0 mg/kg, and in (C) morphine is held constant at 2.5 mg/kg. (D) summarizes the late-phase data from Figures 3A–C by averaging each group over 30 min for the period t = +20 min to t = +50 min. The vertical lines on the graphs represent the standard errors of the mean. Significant Mann-Whitney U’s, one-tailed, are indicated by * (P < 0.05) and ** (P < 0.01) Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 1998 16, 230-239DOI: (10.1016/S0885-3924(98)00085-2)

Fig. 3 Experiment 2, Drug Administration Time 1. Time course of mean formalin pain ratings for rats given morphine at −30 min and d-amphetamine at −20 min: (A) is the “saline control for morphine injection,” in (B) morphine is held constant at 1.0 mg/kg, and in (C) morphine is held constant at 2.5 mg/kg. (D) summarizes the late-phase data from Figures 3A–C by averaging each group over 30 min for the period t = +20 min to t = +50 min. The vertical lines on the graphs represent the standard errors of the mean. Significant Mann-Whitney U’s, one-tailed, are indicated by * (P < 0.05) and ** (P < 0.01) Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 1998 16, 230-239DOI: (10.1016/S0885-3924(98)00085-2)

Fig. 4 Experiment 2, Drug Administration Time 2. Time course of mean formalin pain ratings for rats given morphine at −10 min and d-amphetamine at 0 min: (A) is the “saline control for morphine injection,” in (B) morphine is held constant at 1.0 mg/kg, and in (C) morphine is held constant at 2.5 mg/kg. (D) summarizes the late phase data from Figures 4A–C by averaging each group over 30 min for the period t = +20 min to t = +50 min. The vertical lines of the graphs represent the standard errors of the mean. Significant Mann-Whitney U’s, one-tailed, are indicated by * (P < 0.05) and ** (P < 0.01) Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 1998 16, 230-239DOI: (10.1016/S0885-3924(98)00085-2)

Fig. 4 Experiment 2, Drug Administration Time 2. Time course of mean formalin pain ratings for rats given morphine at −10 min and d-amphetamine at 0 min: (A) is the “saline control for morphine injection,” in (B) morphine is held constant at 1.0 mg/kg, and in (C) morphine is held constant at 2.5 mg/kg. (D) summarizes the late phase data from Figures 4A–C by averaging each group over 30 min for the period t = +20 min to t = +50 min. The vertical lines of the graphs represent the standard errors of the mean. Significant Mann-Whitney U’s, one-tailed, are indicated by * (P < 0.05) and ** (P < 0.01) Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 1998 16, 230-239DOI: (10.1016/S0885-3924(98)00085-2)